1 The Donut and Altmetric Attention Score. https://dub.link/klFaKAx
2 The Proximal Origin of SARS-CoV-2 – Overview of attention for article published in Nature Medicine, March 2020. https://dub.link/uJdeDPp
3 The coronavirus did not escape from a lab: Here’s how we know. Fox News; March 24, 2020.
4 Sorry, conspiracy theorists. Study concludes COVID19 ‘is not a laboratory construct’. ABC News; March 27, 2020.
5 Genomic Study Points to Natural Origin of COVID-19. NIH Director’s Blog. Francis Collins; March 26th, 2020.
6 Dr. Fauci throws cold water on conspiracy theory that coronavirus was created in a Chinese lab. Business Insider USA, 18 April 2020.
7 4/17/20: Members of the Coronavirus Task Force Hold a Press Briefing. https://dub.link/sfXobN3
8 Fauci: No scientific evidence the coronavirus was made in a Chinese lab. Science | Coronavirus Coverage National Geographic; May 5, 2020.
9 The fight for a controversial article. Minerva, 13 July 2020.
10 The Evidence which Suggests that This Is No Naturally Evolved Virus A Reconstructed Historical Aetiology of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike. B. Sørensen, A Dalgleish, A. Susrud. https://dub.link/amr4mlI
11 An update on Our Work to Keep People Informed and Limit Information About COVID-19. Facebook; April 16, 2020.
12 Facebook Bowed to White House Pressure, Removed Covid Posts. Wall Street Journal; July 28, 2023.
13 House Judiciary GOP on X; August 27, 2024. https://dub.link/hyawUFr
14 Twitter to label disputed COVID-19 tweets. AP News; May 11, 2020.
15 White House Caught Censoring. Public Substack; 28 Juli 2023.
16 Twitter Files. David Zweig, December 2022: https://dub.link/bukvmVO
17 Media Groupthink and the Lab-Leak Theory. The New York Times; May 31, 2021.
18 Sources believe coronavirus outbreak originated in Wuhan lab as part of China’s efforts to compete with US. Fox News; April 15, 2020.
19 In 2018, Diplomats Warned of Risky Coronavirus Experiments in a Wuhan Lab. Politico Magazine, 3 August 2021.
20 Three State Department cables. U.S. Right to Know; May 27, 2021.
21 State Department Cables warned of safety issues at Wuhan lab studying bat coronaviruses. The Washington Post; April 14, 2020.
22 House Committee on Oversite and Reform; January 11, 2022. https://dub.link/gbzfHvX
23 Wan Y, Shang J, Graham R, Baric RS, Li F. Receptor Recognition by the Novel Coronavirus from Wuhan: an Analysis Based on Decade-Long Structural Studies of SARS Coronavirus. J Virol. 2020;94(7):e00127-20. Published 2020 Mar 17. doi:10.1128/JVI.00127-20
24 Farrar-Fauci communications. https://dub.link/7pYbeIE; page 107.
25 Yamada Y, Liu DX. Proteolytic activation of the spike protein at a novel RRRR/S motif is implicated in furin-dependent entry, syncytium formation, and infectivity of coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in cultured cells. J Virol. 2009;83(17):8744-8758. doi:10.1128/JVI.00613-09
26 Borucki MK, Allen JE, Chen-Harris H, et al. The role of viral population diversity in adaptation of bovine coronavirus to new host environments. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e52752. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052752
27 The Trail Leading Back to the Wuhan Labs. National Review; April 3, 2020.
28 Conquering Southern China, 2015. Conquering Northern China, 2017.
29 Trump fans flames of Chinese lab coronavirus theory during daily briefing. The Guardian, Thursday 16 April 2020.
30 Press Conference: Donald Trump Holds the Daily Coronavirus Pandemic Briefing – April 15, 2020. https://dub.link/lLN3Yuu
31 Intelligence Community Statement on Origins of COVID-19. Thursday, 30 April 2020.
32 Coronavirus: Is there any evidence for lab release theory? BBC, 1 May 2020.
33 Trump: ‘Yes I have’ seen the evidence virus came from Wuhan. NBC News; May 1, 2020. https://dub.link/Je66YAo
34 Fever: The Hunt for Covid’s Origin. Part 3: Uncertainty and Trump; 13 June 2023.
35 China’s COVID Secrets (full documentary) | Frontline PBS; 3 February 2021. https://dub.link/mSvEKgI
36 SARS-CoV-2 is well adapted for humans. What does this mean for re-emergence? Shing Hei Zhan, Benjamin E. Deverman, Yujia Alina Chan. bioRxiv 2020.05.01.073262; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.01.073262
37 Fauci-Andersen e-mail correspondence: https://dub.link/Nb8chiU; page 2.
38 House Republicans release text of redacted Fauci emails on Covid origins. The Intercept; January 12, 2022.
39 Committee on Oversight and Accountability, Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Pandemic, US House of Representatives, Washington, D.C. Interview of: Robert F. Garry. Friday, June 9, 2023. Page 136.
40 Stammt das Corona-Virus aus dem Labor? Der Verdacht liegt nahe, dass namhafte Wissenschaftler die brisante These vertuschen wollten. Im Fokus: Star-Virologe Christian Drosten. Die Weltwoche, 29.11.2022.
41 Farrar-Fauci correspondence. https://dub.link/7pYbeIE; page 108.
42 Eddy Holmes: Zoonotic Diseases, China, Fauci And The Lab Leak Hypothesis. Bad Boy of Science; 23 December 2022; 55:15
43 Committee on Oversight and Accountability, Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Pandemic, US House of Representatives, Washington, D.C. Interview of: Ralph S. Baric, Ph.D. Monday, January 22, 2024; page 125.
44 https://dub.link/Bi14TGF; page 319.
45 Peter Daszak on X: October 31, 2023. https://dub.link/eGyNdad
46 Peter Daszak wordt bedreigd om zijn vermeende rol in de coviduitbraak: ‘Het is voor sommigen een te goed verhaal om terzijde te leggen’. Maarten Keulemans; Volkskrant, 16 december 2023.
47 Het grootste deel van het verhaal heb ik zelf gereconstrueerd: de link met Peter Daszak en het Global Virome Project werd me echter aan de hand gedaan door Gilles Demaneuf. It was staring me in the face, maar ik zag de connectie niet. Gilles Demaneuf wel. Waarmee het laatste stukje van de puzzel gelegd werd.
48 Obtain, but verify. John Cohen, October 2022. https://dub.link/ONJy8sc
49 Liu MQ, Lin HF, Li J, et al. A SARS-CoV-2-Related Virus from Malayan Pangolin Causes Lung Infection without Severe Disease in Human ACE2-Transgenic Mice. J Virol. 2023;97(2):e0171922. doi:10.1128/jvi.01719-22
50 Billy Bostickson on Twitter; April 28, 2021. https://dub.link/O2yogrr
51 Steven Massey on X; July 18, 2023. https://dub.link/pbGxgO4
52 Lam, T.TY., Jia, N., Zhang, YW. et al. Identifying SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses in Malayan pangolins. Nature 583, 282–285 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2169-0
53 Fan, Hua-Hao; Wang, Li-Qin; Liu, Wen-Li; An, Xiao-Ping; Liu, Zhen-Dong; He, Xiao-Qi; Song, Li-Hua; Tong, Yi-Gang. Repurposing of clinically approved drugs for treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 in a 2019-novel coronavirus-related coronavirus model. Chinese Medical Journal 133(9):p 1051-1056, May 5, 2020. | DOI: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000000797
54 Nieuwe coronavirus ‘drug screening’ test heeft een ‘stand-in’ beschikbaar. Med.chin.com.cn. Te bereiken via: https://dub.link/aufBIO7
55 Steven Massey on X; August 2, 2023. https://dub.link/RvB0nCU
56 Huang XY, Chen Q, Sun MX, et al. A pangolin-origin SARS-CoV-2-related coronavirus: infectivity, pathogenicity, and cross-protection by preexisting immunity. Cell Discov. 2023;9(1):59. Published 2023 Jun 17. doi:10.1038/s41421-023-00557-9
57 Choo, Siew Woh; Jinfeng Zhou; Xuechen Tian; Siyuan Zhang; Shen Qiang; Stephen James O’Brien; Ka Yun Tan; Sara Platto; Klaus-Peter Koepfli; Agostinho Antunes; and Frankie Thomas Sitam. 2020. “Are Pangolins Scapegoats of the COVID-19 Outbreak-CoV Transmission and Pathology Evidence?.” Conservation Letters , (): e12754. doi:10.1111/conl.12754.
58 Dog’s Breakfest on Twitter; https://dub.link/J71PCce
59 History of Fort Detrick. https://dub.link/Pab9T0j
60 Spying on coronavirus: A little-known U.S. intel outfit has its most important mission yet. NBC News; March 13, 2020.
61 WORKING PAPER 26 MAY 2020: Critical analysis of Andersen et al. The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. CDR Jean-Paul Chretien & Dr. Greg Cutlip (DIA/NCMI). https://dub.link/eNRm7wE
62 ‘Lab-Made? SARS-CoV-2 Genealogy Through the Lens of Gain-of-Function Research. Yuri Deigin – Medium; April 22, 2020.
63 Ren W, Qu X, Li W, et al. Difference in receptor usage between severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus and SARS-like coronavirus of bat origin. J Virol. 2008;82(4):1899-1907. doi:10.1128/JVI.01085-07
64 Yang Y, Liu C, Du L, et al. Two Mutations Were Critical for Bat-to-Human Transmission of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. J Virol. 2015;89(17):9119-9123. doi:10.1128/JVI.01279-15
65 WORKING PAPER 26 MAY 2020: Critical analysis of Andersen et al. The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. CDR Jean-Paul Chretien & Dr. Greg Cutlip (DIA/NCMI). https://dub.link/eNRm7wE
66 Lu S, Luo S, Liu C, et al. Induction of significant neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 by a highly attenuated pangolin coronavirus variant with a 104nt deletion at the 3′-UTR. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2023;12(1):2151383. doi:10.1080/22221751.2022.2151383
67 An infection and pathogenesis mouse model of SARS-CoV-2-related pangolin coronavirus GX_P2V(short_3UTR)
Lai Wei, Shuiqing Liu, Shanshan Lu, Shengdong Luo, Xiaoping An, Huahao Fan, Weiwei Chen, Erguang Li, Yigang Tong, Lihua Song. bioRxiv 2024.01.03.574008; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.01.03.574008
68 Sharri Markson: https://dub.link/ESWyfWM
69 US Intelligence censored over scientists’ findings on likely origins of Covid-19. The Australian; August 24, 2023.
70 Lab Leak Most Likely Origin of Covid-19 Pandemic, Energy Department Now Says. The Wall Street Journal; February 26, 2023.
71 Gilles Demaneuf on Twitter; March 2, 2023. https://dub.link/B4Z5xfE
72 Did SARS-CoV-2 Escape from a Lab? A Conversation with Matt Ridley and Alina Chan. Sam Harris, 21 February 2023. https://dub.link/gj6Zs6G
73 Fever: The Hunt for Covid’s Origin. Part 3: Uncertainty and Trump; 13 June 2023.
74 How I Learned to Stop Worrying And Love the Lab-Leak Theory. Donald G. McNeil Jr. Medium; May 17, 2021.
75 Eddy Holmes: Zoonotic Diseases, China, Fauci And The Lab Leak Hypothesis. Bad Boy of Science; 23 December 2022; 50:10
76 Andersen thanks Anthony Fauci, Jeremy Farrar and Francis Collins. https://dub.link/9RgdYUd
77 Anthony Fauci’s pandemic emails: ‘All is well despite some crazy people in this world’ The Washington Post; June 1, 2021.
78 Leopold NIH FOIA Anthony Fauci Emails. https://dub.link/v04vr3U; page 3206.
79 Former CDC director Robert Redfield testifies before House on COVID origins; 8 March 2023. https://dub.link/EfklM1w
80 Committee on Oversight and Accountability, Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Pandemic, US House of Representatives, Washington, D.C. Interview of Robert Redfield, M.D.; Thursday, March 17, 2022.
81 Idem; page 125, 149.
82 Former CDC director Robert Redfield testifies before House on COVID origins. 8 March 2023. https://dub.link/A5zlrS7
83 WHO’s chief scientist urges greater collaboration against dangerous pathogens. Financial Times; August 21, 2023.
84 What Really Happened in Wuhan. Sharri Markson; Harper Collins, September 28, 2021.
85 Scientist Who Warned Fauci COVID Could Be ‘Engineered’ Deletes Twitter Account. Newsweek, June 7, 2021.
86 Scientist Opens Up About His Early Email to Fauci on Virus Origins. New York Times; June 14, 2021.
87 Idem.
88 West African Research Network for Infectious Disease. https://dub.link/zDZKsPh
89 International research alliance launched to boost pandemic preparedness. Scripps Research; August 27, 2020.
90 Center for Viral Systems Biology. https://dub.link/ytAHG9M
91 Alle projecten die door de NIH/ NIAID gefinancierd worden, zijn terug te vinden op deze site: https://reporter.nih.gov/
92 Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Consortium. https://dub.link/SjppJmr
93 U.S. anti-terror outpost tackles rat-borne virus. Reuters, February 14, 2011.
94 The Virus Hunter: Erica Ollmann Saphire takes on deadly threats. The San Diego Union Tribune; January 6, 2013.
95 The Ebola Outbreak in West Africa – Corporate Gangsters, Multinationals & Rogue Politicians. Chernoh Alpha M. Bah; Afracanist Press, 2015.
96 Did West Africa’s Ebola Outbreak of 2014 Have a Lab Origin. Independent Science News; October 24, 2022.
97 Origins of the 2014-2016 Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa. U.S. Right to Know; April 12, 2023.
98 Second-Level Review – Advisory Council. NIAID. https://dub.link/TkqpmLT
99 Key Scientist in Covid origin controversy of $8.9 million NIH grant. The Intercept; July 21, 2023.
100 Committee on Oversight and Accountability, Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Pandemic, US House of Representatives, Washington, D.C. Interview of: Anthony S. Fauci; Part 1: January 8, 2024. Page 83, 84.
101 Lezing door Marion Koopmans tijdens het KNAW-symposium ‘Het nieuwe coronavirus.’ 21 februari 2020. https://dub.link/cW5Noz1; 13:50
102 Viroloog Marion Koopmans gaat in China onderzoek doen naar herkomst coronavirus | Op1; 17 december 2020. https://dub.link/Q57xryt
103 Calisher C, Carroll D, Colwell R, et al. Statement in support of the scientists, public health professionals, and medical professionals of China combatting COVID-19. Lancet. 2020;395(10226):e42-e43. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30418-9
104 Committee on Oversight and Accountability, Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Pandemic, US House of Representatives, Washington, D.C. Interview of: Peter Daszak; November 14, 2023. Page 216.
105 Proximal Origin – A Tragicomedy of our Times (Part 2). Gilles Demaneuf; August 4, 2024.
106 US Right to Know. Biohazard FOIA Maryland Emails; 11 June 2020, page 251. https://dub.link/A60YQbU
107 Idem; page 251.
108 Idem; page 253.
109 Idem; page 255.
110 Idem; page 263.
111 Idem; page 268.
112 Idem; page 278.
113 Munster VJ, Koopmans M, van Doremalen N, van Riel D, de Wit E. A Novel Coronavirus Emerging in China – Key Questions for Impact Assessment. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(8):692-694. doi:10.1056/NEJMp2000929
114 US Right to Know. Biohazard FOIA Maryland Emails; 11 June 2020. https://dub.link/A60YQbU; page 289.
115 Committee on Oversight and Accountability, Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Pandemic, US House of Representatives, Washington, D.C. Interview of: Peter Daszak; November 14, 2023. Page 217.
116 US Right to Know. Biohazard FOIA Maryland Emails; 11 June 2020. https://dub.link/A60YQbU; page 301.
117 Daszak – Baric email correspondence. https://dub.link/gR6ZTZY
118 “Warum hat er mich nicht einfach mal angerufen?” Süddeutsche Zeitung; 9. February 2020.
119 The Lancet COVID-19 Commission; The Lancet; July 9, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31494-X
120 Lancet COVID-19 Commissioners, Task Force Chairs, and Commission Secretariat. Lancet COVID-19 Commission Statement on the occasion of the 75th session of the UN General Assembly. Lancet. 2020 Oct 10;396(10257):1102-1124. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31927-9. Epub 2020 Sep 14. Erratum in: Lancet. 2020 Oct 10;396(10257):1070. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32030-4. PMID: 32941825; PMCID: PMC7489891.
121 Jeffrey D. Sachs. https://dub.link/8d2tkXz
122 Members of The Lancet COVID Commission Task Force on the Origins SARS-CoV-2 Named. EcoHealth Alliance. https://dub.link/kpNe1wS
123 Relman DA. Opinion: To stop the next pandemic, we need to unravel the origins of COVID-19. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020;117(47):29246-29248. doi:10.1073/pnas.2021133117
124 Lancet COVID-19 Commissioners, Task Force Chairs, and Commission Secretariat. Lancet COVID-19 Commission Statement on the occasion of the 75th session of the UN General Assembly. Lancet. 2020 Oct 10;396(10257):1102-1124. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31927-9. Epub 2020 Sep 14. Erratum in: Lancet. 2020 Oct 10;396(10257):1070. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32030-4. PMID: 32941825; PMCID: PMC7489891.
125 Idem.
126 Trump’s anti-China theory implodes. CNN; May 6, 2020.
127 Mad Scientist. Nowhere is the lab-leak debate more personal than among the experts investigating the origins of COVID. New York Intelligencer; March 3, 2023.
128 Potemkin verwijst naar de mythe van het ‘Potemkin-dorp’ dat in opdracht van de Russische veldmaarschalk Grigori Potjomkin gebouwd zou zijn voor de tsarina Catharina de Grote tijdens haar bezoek aan de Krim in 1787, om haar ervan te overtuigen dat de situatie ter plekke veel beter was dan in werkelijkheid het geval was. In overdrachtelijke zin staat het voor de poging om een situatie mooier voor te stellen dan ze in werkelijkheid is.
129 Jeffrey Sachs, China’s Apologist in Chief. National Review; April 24, 2021.
130 Mad Scientist. Nowhere is the lab-leak debate more personal than among the experts investigating the origins of COVID. New York Intelligencer; March 3, 2023.
131 Editors of The Lancet. Addendum: competing interests and the origins of SARS-CoV-2. Lancet. 2021;397(10293):2449-2450. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01377-5
132 The Lancet’s Richard Horton’s hoary conflicts of interest argument. Parliamentary hearing on integrity in science. December 15, 2021. https://dub.link/GiM68lU
133 Science and Technology Committee Oral evidence: Reproducibility and Research Integrity, HC 606; Q128. https://dub.link/qo5idCp
134 Underlying Documents Morens. https://dub.link/RrB8TwG; page 20-25.
135 New Details Emerge About Coronavirus Research at Chinese Lab. The Intercept; September 6, 2021.
136 Understanding Risk of Zoonotic Virus Emergence in EID Hotspots of Southeast Asia. Principal Investigator: Peter Daszak. https://dub.link/UFWSVL1; page 9/10.
137 Mad Scientist. Nowhere is the lab-leak debate more personal than among the experts investigating the origins of COVID. New York Intelligencer; March 3, 2023.
138 Sachs JD, Karim SSA, Aknin L, et al. The Lancet Commission on lessons for the future from the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet. 2022;400(10359):1224-1280. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01585-9
139 Statement on the first meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV).
140 WHO, China leaders discuss next steps in battle against coronavirus outbreak. World Health Organization, 28 January 2020.
141 Committee on Oversight and Accountability, Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Pandemic, US House of Representatives, Washington, D.C. Interview of: Clifford Lane. December 15, 2023.
142 Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) – 16-24 February 2020. https://dub.link/UsUjtvX
143 Press Conference on WHO-China Joint Mission on COVID19. Beijing; February 24th, 2020. https://dub.link/I9DP2Qf
144 Australië says all WHO members should back coronavirus inquiry. Reuters; April 23, 2020.
145 China bristles at Australia’s call for investigation into coronavirus origin. The Guardian, Wednesday 29 April 2020.
146 Australia Shows the World What Decoupling From China Looks Like. Foreign Policy; November 9, 2021.
147 China hits Australia with barley tariff in latest blow to relations. Reuters; May 18, 2020.
148 China slaps up to 200% tariffs on Australian wine. BBC, 27 November 2020.
149 Chinese tariffs cut one-third of Australian wine export value, warnings recovery will take ‘years’. ABC Rural, Monday 14 Augustus
150 Draft Resolution – The Seventy-third World Health Assembly. https://dub.link/MEMDCKq
151 How the WHO’s Hunt for Covid’s Origins Stumbled in China. The Wall Street Journal; March 17, 2021.
152 WHO-convened Global Study of the Origins of SARS-CoV-2. WHO, 5 November 2020. https://dub.link/sWkRLMy
153 China Focus: Confident novel coronavirus outbreak under control by late April: health expert. Xinhua Net; February 27, 2020.
154 House Hearing on Coronavirus Response; February 27, 2020. https://tinyurl.com/uy9fputb
155 China Spins Tale That the U.S. Army Started the Coronavirus Epidemic. The New York Times; March 13, 2020.
156 Lijian Zhao on Twitter; March 12, 2020. https://dub.link/tcygXfw
157 How the WHO’s Hunt for Covid’s Origins Stumbled in China. The Wall Street Journal; March 17, 2021.
158 Idem.
159 WHO-convened global study of origins of SARS-CoV-2: China Part; Annexes. https://dub.link/g6lQOf1
160 China Denies Entry to Two Members of WHO Covid-19 Mission After Failing Screening. The Wall Street Journal; January 14, 2021.
161 WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 – 5 January 2021.
162 Lezing Marion Koopmans tijdens het KNAW-symposium ‘Het nieuwe coronavirus’. https://dub.link/ypevftN; 13:50
163 WHO-convened global study of origins of SARS-CoV-2: China Part; Annexes; Annex B, team members.
164 Understanding the Risk of Bat Coronavirus Emergence. FOIA NIH. https://dub.link/EdTqa5c
165 WHO-convened global study of origins of SARS-CoV-2: China Part; Annexes; Annex B, team members
166 WHO Mission to Look for Answers to Covid-19’s Origin in Wuhan. Wall Street Journal; January 13, 2021.
167 How the WHO’s Hunt for Covid’s Origins Stumbled in China. The Wall Street Journal; March 17, 2021.
168 Idem.
169 WHO-convened Global Study of Origins of SARS-CoV-2: China Part. Joint WHO-China Study; 14 January – 10 February 2021, Joint Report. Page 15, table 1.
170 WHO-convened global study of origins of SARS-CoV-2: China Part; Annexes: Annex D2.
171 Ren LL, Wang YM, Wu ZQ, et al. Identification of a novel coronavirus causing severe pneumonia in human: a descriptive study. Chin Med J (Engl). 2020;133(9):1015-1024. doi:10.1097/CM9.0000000000000722
172 The Chinese Scientist Who Sequenced the First COVID-19 Genome Speaks Out About the Controversies Surrounding His Work. Time; August 24, 2020.
173 In Depth: How Early Signs of a SARS-Like Virus Were Spotted, Spread, and Throttled. Caixin; February 29, 2020.
174 Gilles Demaneuf on Twitter; April 27, 2022. https://dub.link/Uva4nBj
175 SAGO Presentation: Limitations of the official 2019 Wuhan cases (based on Primary Sources). Gilles Demaneuf; August 2023. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.31348.94086; page 17.
176 Vision Medicals: SARS-CoV-2 sequencing and analysis in late December 2019. DRASTIC Research. https://dub.link/3tUKFd7
177 E&C Investigation Uncovers Earliest Known SARS-CoV-2 Sequence Released Outside of China. Energy & Commerce; January 17, 2024. https://dub.link/2HwzeZz
178 Chinese Lab Mapped Deadly Coronavirus Two Weeks Before Beijing Told the World, Documents Show. The Wall Street Journal; January 17, 2024.
179 Exclusive | Genetic sequencing of the new coronavirus traces its origins: When did the alarm sound? Caixin Global; February 26, 2020. https://dub.link/Mhm7Znh
180 China’s COVID Secrets (full documentary) | FRONTLINE. 3 February 2021. https://dub.link/jqgtVBz
181 In Depth: How Early Signs of a SARS-Like Virus Were Spotted, Spread, and Throttled. Caixin; February 29, 2020.
182 Dr. Ai Fen, 艾芬, the Wuhan Whistle. Science Integrity Digest; March 11, 2020.
183 Beijing ordered destruction of early coronavirus samples, secret memo shows. U.S. Right to Know; June 27, 2023.
184 How the WHO’s Hunt for Covid’s Origins Stumbled in China. The Wall Street Journal; March 17, 2021.
185 WHO-convened global study of origins of SARS-CoV-2: China Part; Annexes: Annex D3 and D4.
186 WHO-convened global study of origins of SARS-CoV-2: China Part; Annexes: Annex D5.
187 BSL Laboratories in Wuhan and their roles in coronaviruses research. DRASTIC Collective: Gilles Demaneuf; April 27, 2022.
188 The virus mystery – A Dane chasing the truth of SARS2 origins in China (2021). TV2, 18 August 2021. https://dub.link/md0bW5k (Oorspronkelijke titel: Virusmysteriet – en dansker jagter sandheden i Kina)
189 Sustaining the Response: Inside the WHO-China Mission. Chatham House, 10 March 2021. https://dub.link/YWQ74Ah
190 Committee on Oversight and Accountability, Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Pandemic, US House of Representatives, Washington, D.C. Interview of: Peter Daszak; November 14, 2023. Page 161.
191 How the WHO’s Hunt for Covid’s Origins Stumbled in China. The Wall Street Journal; March 17, 2021.
192 China Refuses to Give WHO Raw Data on Early Covid-19 Cases. Wall Street Journal; February 12, 2021.
193 Idem.
194 WHO-convened Global Study of Origins of SARS-CoV-2: China Part. Joint WHO-China Study; 14 January – 10 February 2021, Joint Report. Page 49. https://dub.link/4obCKWq
195 China Refuses to Give WHO Raw Data on Early Covid-19 Cases. Wall Street Journal; February 12, 2021.
196 Rahbari R, Moradi N, Abdi M. rRT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2: Analytical considerations. Clin Chim Acta. 2021;516:1-7. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2021.01.011
197 Bij het gebruik van een diagnostische test zijn er altijd vier mogelijke uitslagen: (1) Een test kan terecht positief zijn. Dat wil zeggen dat de ziekteverwekker aanwezig is en de test dat ook aantoont. Een test kan ook terecht negatief zijn. Dan is de ziekteverwekker niet aanwezig, en bevestigt de test dat. Een test kan echter ook een fout-negatieve uitslag hebben: de ziekteverwekker is er wel, maar de test zegt dat dit niet zo is. En de laatste mogelijkheid is een fout-positieve uitslag van een test: de ziekteverwekker is er niet, maar de test zegt dat het wel zo is. Als een test niet honderd procent sensitief en specifiek is – en die testen bestaan niet – zijn er altijd fout-negatieve en fout-positieve uitslagen. Die zouden er hier dus ook moeten zijn.
198 Sharun K, Dhama K, Pawde AM, et al. SARS-CoV-2 in animals: potential for unknown reservoir hosts and public health implications. Vet Q. 2021;41(1):181-201. doi:10.1080/01652176.2021.1921311
199 Goh KJ, Tan CT, Chew NK, et al. Clinical features of Nipah virus encephalitis among pig farmers in Malaysia. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(17):1229-1235. doi:10.1056/NEJM200004273421701
200 Pang X, Ren L, Wu S, et al. Cold-chain food contamination as the possible origin of COVID-19 resurgence in Beijing. Natl Sci Rev. 2020;7(12):1861-1864. Published 2020 Oct 23. doi:10.1093/nsr/nwaa264
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205 Bai L, Wang Y, Wang Y, Wu Y, Li N, Liu Z. Controlling COVID-19 Transmission due to Contaminated Imported Frozen Food and Food Packaging. China CDC Wkly. 2021 Jan 8;3(2):30-33. doi: 10.46234/ccdcw2021.008. PMID: 34594901; PMCID: PMC8392895.
206 Wuhan lab denied BSL4 access for SARS work without clear reasoning. U.S. Right to Know; February 28, 2023.
207 Fever: The Hunt for Covid’s Origin. Part 4: Mission: Impossible; 20 June 2023
208 How the WHO’s Hunt for Covid’s Origins Stumbled in China. The Wall Street Journal; March 17, 2021.
209 COVID-19 Virtual Press Conference transcript. World Health Organization, 9 February 2021. https://dub.link/Pju5yRy
210 Coronavirus Likely Came From Animal, Not Leaked From Laboratory, WHO says. Wall Street Journal, February 9, 2021.
211 Fever: The Hunt for Covid’s Origin. Part 4: Mission: Impossible; 20 June 2023
212 WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 – 12 February 2021. https://dub.link/qOWeCdp
213 ‘Politics was always in the room.’ WHO mission chief reflects on China trip seeking COVID-19’s origin. Science Insider, 14 February 2021.
214 ‘Politics was always in the room.’ WHO mission chief reflects on China trip seeking COVID-19’s origin. Science Insider, 14 February 2021.
215 Marion Koopmans vanuit Wuhan: ‘Zal altijd een groep zeggen: zie je wel, ze houden informatie achter.’ Algemeen Dagblad, 3 februari 2021.
216 Fever: The Hunt for Covid’s Origin. Part 4: Mission: Impossible; 20 June 2023
217 Exclusive: Lead Chinese Scientists of WHO joint team adresses key issues ahead of joint report release. Global Times; March 17, 2021.
218 WHO Caught Between China and West on Frozen-Food Coronavirus Transmission. Wall Street Journal; January 22, 2021.
219 Fever: The Hunt for Covid’s Origin. Part 4: Mission: Impossible; 20 June 2023
220 WHO Director-General’s remarks at the Member State Briefing on the report of the international team studying the origins of SARS-CoV-2.
221 Chinese officials note serious problems in coronavirus response. The World Health Organization keeps praising them. The Washington Post; February 9, 2020.
222 Trump halts funding to World Health Organization. Politico; April 14, 2020.
223 Trump halts World Health Organization funding over handling of coronavirus outbreak. CNN Politics; April 15, 2020.
224 The U.S. Government and the World Health Organization. KFF – The independent source for health policy research, polling and news; June 13, 2024.
225 Tedros re-elected to lead the World Health Organization. United Nations – UN News; 24 May 2022.
226 WHO leader and Wuhan Institute of Virology collaborator clashed in ‘ugly’ meeting. U.S. Right to Know; August 17, 2024.
227 The origin of COVID: Did people or nature open Pandora’s box at Wuhan? Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists; May 5, 2021.
228 Wade N. Turning the tables–an interview with Nicholas Wade. Interview by Jane Gitschier. PLoS Genet. 2005;1(3):e45. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0010045
229 Did people or nature open Pandora’s box at Wuhan? CNN, 29 May 2021.
230 The virus mystery – A Dane chasing the truth of SARS2 origins in China (2021). TV2, 18 August 2021. https://dub.link/yZFY7tf (Oorspronkelijke titel: Virusmysteriet – en dansker jagter sandheden i Kina)
231 Mogelijk werd als eerste een medewerker van een laboratorium in Wuhan besmet door vleermuizen, zegt de Deense WHO-chef. TV2, 12 Augustus 2021. Oorspronkelijke titel: ‘Ansat på laboratorie i Wuhan kan være smittet af flagermus som den første, siger dansk WHO-chef’. (Vertaling via Google Translate). https://dub.link/yOInUmB
232 In new documentary, WHO scientist says Chinese officials pressured investigation to drop lab-leak hypothesis. The Washington Post; August 12, 2021.
233 Mogelijk werd als eerste een medewerker van een laboratorium in Wuhan besmet door vleermuizen, zegt de Deense WHO-chef. TV2, 12 Augustus 2021 (Vertaling via Google Translate).
234 In new documentary, WHO scientist says Chinese officials pressured investigation to drop lab-leak hypothesis. The Washington Post; August 12, 2021.
235 De belangenpandemie. Zembla, 8 november 2021. https://dub.link/GfavzMd; 6:45.
236 Idem; 11:30.
237 Idem; 12:56.
238 Idem; 19:38.
239 Media briefing on #COVID19 with @DrTedros and Germany Health Minister @jensspahn. World Health Organization. Twitter; July 15, 2021. https://dub.link/2ruLpJY; 27:25
240 The virus mystery – A Dane chasing the truth of SARS2 origins in China (2021). TV2, 18 August 2021. https://dub.link/yZFY7tf (Oorspronkelijke titel: Virusmysteriet – en dansker jagter sandheden i Kina)
241 Top WHO Covid investigator fired for sexual misconduct. Financial Times; May 3, 2023.
242 Alex Crits-Christoph. https://dub.link/XfU7e15
243 Angela Rasmussen, PhD – Virologist. https://dub.link/YEzK7nR
244 Curriculum Vitae Angela L. Rasmussen, Ph.D. https://dub.link/40cAaLg
245 Homeland Security – Creation of the Department of Homeland Security. https://dub.link/fx8EOTp
246 Joel Wertheim, Associate Adjunct Professor, Medicine. https://dub.link/GnfWtAm
247 Jonathan Pekar, M.S. University of California San Diego. American Society for Microbiology. https://dub.link/gSlrROF
248 Stuart Neil – Head of Department, Infectious Diseases Professor of Virology. https://dub.link/BVr5Vcd
249 Michael Worobey. Department Head Professor. https://dub.link/Ev30hJi
250 Holmes EC, Goldstein SA, Rasmussen AL, et al. The origins of SARS-CoV-2: A critical review. Cell. 2021;184(19):4848-4856. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.08.017
251 A Response to “The Origins of SARS-CoV-2: A Critical Review.” Alina Chan; July 12, 2021.
252 Xu RH, He JF, Evans MR, et al. Epidemiologic clues to SARS origin in China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(6):1030-1037. doi:10.3201/eid1006.030852
253 Wang M, Yan M, Xu H, et al. SARS-CoV infection in a restaurant from palm civet. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11(12):1860-1865. doi:10.3201/eid1112.041293
254 Shi Z, Wang LF. Evolution of SARS Coronavirus and the Relevance of Modern Molecular Epidemiology. Genetics and Evolution of Infectious Diseases. 2017:601–19. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-799942-5.00026-3. Epub 2017 Jan 20. PMCID: PMC7150232.
255 Xu RH, He JF, Evans MR, et al. Epidemiologic clues to SARS origin in China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(6):1030-1037. doi:10.3201/eid1006.030852
256 Search for Covid’s Origins Leads to China’s Wild Animal Farms – and a Big Problem. Wall Street Journal; June 30, 2021.
257 Li W, Shi Z, Yu M, et al. Bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses. Science. 2005;310(5748):676-679. doi:10.1126/science.1118391
258 Zhou, P., Fan, H., Lan, T. et al. Fatal swine acute diarrhoea syndrome caused by an HKU2-related coronavirus of bat origin. Nature 556, 255–258 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0010-9
259 Peacock, T.P., Goldhill, D.H., Zhou, J. et al. The furin cleavage site in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is required for transmission in ferrets. Nat Microbiol 6, 899–909 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-021-00908-w
260 Lamers MM, Mykytyn AZ, Breugem TI, et al. Human airway cells prevent SARS-CoV-2 multibasic cleavage site cell culture adaptation. Elife. 2021;10:e66815. Published 2021 Apr 9. doi:10.7554/eLife.66815
261 Zeng LP, Gao YT, Ge XY, et al. Bat Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Like Coronavirus WIV1 Encodes an Extra Accessory Protein, ORFX, Involved in Modulation of the Host Immune Response. J Virol. 2016;90(14):6573-6582. Published 2016 Jun 24. doi:10.1128/JVI.03079-15
262 Baczenas JJ, Andersen H, Rashid S, et al. Propagation of SARS-CoV-2 in Calu-3 Cells to Eliminate Mutations in the Furin Cleavage Site of Spike. Viruses. 2021;13(12):2434. Published 2021 Dec 4. doi:10.3390/v13122434
263 Study on the pathogenicity of two novel bat SARS-related coronavirus strains on transgenic mice expressing human ACE2. MedSci China; 2018. https://dub.link/Ul7w8Uu
264 Hu B, Zeng LP, Yang XL, et al. Discovery of a rich gene pool of bat SARS-related coronaviruses provides new insights into the origin of SARS coronavirus. PLoS Pathog. 2017;13(11):e1006698. Published 2017 Nov 30. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1006698
265 A kind of carnivorism bat rearing cage. Application CN20831798U; 2018-06-15.
266 How China’s Bat Caves Hold the Secret to Preventing Epidemics. Sixthone.com; May 24, 2018.
267 Shi Zhengli: A female scientist who lives with viruses Science Net China; 10 March 2009. https://dub.link/nVygtt5
268 Shi Zhengli: A female scientist who lives with the virus. ScienceNet; March 10, 2009. https://dub.link/l8uAIxi
269 3. Wuhan Laboratories, Bat Research and Biosafety. DRASTIC, April 2021. DOI:10.13140/RG.2.2.32006.29761
270 World Exclusive: Footage proves bats were kept in Wuhan lab. Sky News Australië, 13 June 2021.
271 Peter Daszak on Twitter; December 10, 2021. https://dub.link/3cpESnJ
272 Committee on Oversight and Accountability, Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Pandemic, US House of Representatives, Washington, D.C. Interview of: Peter Daszak; November 14, 2023; page 169.
273 Wuhan lab’s classified work complicates search for pandemic’s origins. The Washington Post; June 22, 2021.
274 Notice on the filing of confidential and delayed thesis for graduate students applying for degrees in the summer of 2021. Wuhan Institute of Virology; 5 March 2021. https://dub.link/tuxHXe2
275 Strengthen confidentiality education and improve confidentiality awareness – Wuhan Institute of Virology organizes party classes on confidentiality. Chinese Academy of Sciences; 31 October 2014. https://dub.link/bwhU1kQ
276 Wuhan Institute of Virology holds special national security training in 2019. Wuhan Branch Chinese Academy of Sciences, 13 May 2019. https://dub.link/iFFb8Ad
277 Xu RH, He JF, Evans MR, et al. Epidemiologic clues to SARS origin in China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(6):1030-1037. doi:10.3201/eid1006.030852
278 BSL Laboratories in Wuhan and their roles in coronavirus research. Medium. Gilles Demaneuf; April 27, 2022.
279 BSL Laboratories in Wuhan and their roles in coronavirus research. Medium. Gilles Demaneuf; April 27, 2022.
280 Worobey M, Levy JI, Malpica Serrano L, et al. The Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan was the early epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic. Science. 2022;377(6609):951-959. doi:10.1126/science.abp8715
281 Michael Worobey, Joshua I. Levy, Lorena M. Malpica Serrano, Alexander Crits-Christoph, Jonathan E. Pekar, Stephen A. Goldstein, Angela L. Rasmussen, Moritz U. G. Kraemer, Chris Newman, Marion P. G. Koopmans, Marc A. Suchard, Joel O. Wertheim, Philippe Lemey, David L. Robertson, Robert F. Garry, Edward C. Holmes, Andrew Rambaut, & Kristian G. Andersen. (2022). The Huanan market was the epicenter of SARS-CoV-2 emergence. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6299600
282 Crits-Christoph, A., Gangavarapu, K., Pekar, J. E., Moshiri, N., Singh, R., Levy, J. I., Goldstein, S. A., Suchard, M. A., Popescu, S., Robertson, D. L., Lemey, P., Wertheim, J. O., Garry, R. F., Rasmussen, A. L., Andersen, K. G., Holmes, E. C., Rambaut, A., Worobey, M., & Débarre, F. (2023). Genetic evidence of susceptible wildlife in SARS-CoV-2 positive samples at the Huanan Wholesale Seafood Market, Wuhan: Analysis and interpretation of data released by the Chinese Center for Disease Control. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7754299
283 Evidence for a natural origin of Covid-19 no longer dispositive after scientific peer review. Alina Chan on Medium; July 27, 2022.
284 Xu RH, He JF, Evans MR, et al. Epidemiologic clues to SARS origin in China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(6):1030-1037. doi:10.3201/eid1006.030852
285 A critical review of “The Origins of SARS-CoV-2: A Critical Review” by Holmes et al. Ema Nymton. Collam Daan Research University, Westlands; July 20, 2021. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5517659
286 Pekar JE, Magee A, Parker E, et al. The molecular epidemiology of multiple zoonotic origins of SARS-CoV-2 [published correction appears in Science. 2023 Oct 13;382(6667):eadl0585]. Science. 2022;377(6609):960-966. doi:10.1126/science.abp8337
287 Na de peer-review van de studie zou de titel aangepast worden: ‘The Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan was the early epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic.’ Michael Worobey et al. ,The Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan was the early epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic.Science377,951-959(2022).DOI:10.1126/science.abp8715
288 Gao G, Liu W, Liu P, et al. Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in the environment and animal samples of the Huanan Seafood Market. Research Square; 2022. DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1370392/v1.
289 Xiao, X., Newman, C., Buesching, C.D. et al. Animal sales from Wuhan wet markets immediately prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. Sci Rep 11, 11898 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91470-2
290 De hele Slack-conversatie kan teruggevonden worden in het navolgende artikel. Er zijn twee databestanden, waarvan het ene alle relevante e-mails van Andersen bevat en het andere de inhoud van het Slack-kanaal van Andersen: Covid Origins Scientist Denounces Reporting On His Messages As A “Conspiracy Theory”. Public, 20 July 2023. https://dub.link/NZXNeMu
291 Do three new studies add up to proof of COVID-19’s origin in a Wuhan animal market? Science Insider; 28 February 2022.
292 Worobey M, Levy JI, Malpica Serrano L, et al. The Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan was the early epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic. Science. 2022;377(6609):951-959. doi:10.1126/science.abp8715
293 Daniel A. Walker on Twitter; March 3, 2022. https://dub.link/YSAiHpj
294 Daniel A. Walker on Twitter; November 24, 2022. https://dub.link/KPrvD3p
295 In de preprint gaat het om acht gevallen die niet betrouwbaar gelokaliseerd konden worden, in de uiteindelijke publicatie gaat het om negen gevallen. Daarom is de analyse in de preprint gebaseerd op 156 gevallen en in de uiteindelijke publicatie op 155 gevallen. Hoewel arbitrair, heb ik hier het getal aangehouden dat in de uiteindelijke publicatie gegeven wordt, omdat ook Walker dit getal noemt.
296 Daniel A. Walker on Twitter; March 29, 2022. https://dub.link/k5SK2yl
297 Er blijkt ook een Chinese versie van het WHO-rapport te bestaan, waarin de kwaliteit van de figuren beduidend beter is. Blijkbaar wisten Worobey et al. dat niet, want de door hen gebruikte figuren komen uit de Engelse versie. De Annexis bij de Chinese versie van het rapport is in hetzelfde document opgenomen. https://dub.link/OwcWAHd
298 Daniel A. Walker on Twitter; August 21, 2022. https://dub.link/6Jcx3GB
299 Daniel A. Walker on Twitter; May 1, 2022. https://dub.link/eiY9Tim
300 Daniel A. Walker on Twitter; April 2, 2020. https://dub.link/du8Ttwx
301 Peng Z, Wang R, Liu L, Wu H. Exploring Urban Spatial Features of COVID-19 Transmission in Wuhan Based on Social Media Data. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2020; 9(6):402. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9060402
302 Arrested Development: The number of Wuhan cases of COVID-19 with onset in 2019. Gilles Demaneuf DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.36081.97129.
303 ‘The CT machines were crashing’: Interview with Wuhan Doctor reveals early COVID cases were suppressed. US Right to Know; July 10, 2023.
304 SAGO Presentation: Limitations of the official 2019 Wuhan cases (based on Primary Sources). Gilles Demaneuf; August 2023. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.31348.94086; page 47
305 Kernel Density Estimation by Matthew Conlen. https://dub.link/O9dcJbh
306 Daniel A. Walker on Twitter; March 3, 2022. https://dub.link/FkCEWUH
307 Daniel A. Walker on Twitter; March 29, 2022. https://dub.link/ZWJaT7Q
308 Daniel A. Walker on Twitter; August 19, 2022. https://dub.link/JGhF8mK
309 Daniel A. Walker on Twitter; August 23, 2022. https://dub.link/HYwdVGA
310 Daniel A. Walker on Twitter; August 23, 2022. https://dub.link/YV5IriL
311 Daniel A. Walker on Twitter; August 27, 2022. https://dub.link/0KTYanZ
312 Daniel A. Walker on Twitter; August 27, 2022. https://dub.link/kNb63Ae
313 Peng Z, Wang R, Liu L, Wu H. Exploring Urban Spatial Features of COVID-19 Transmission in Wuhan Based on Social Media Data. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2020; 9(6):402. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9060402
314 Jia Y, Zheng Z, Zhang Q, Li M, Liu X. Associations of Spatial Aggregation between Neighborhood Facilities and the Population of Age Groups Based on Points-of-Interest Data. Sustainability. 2020; 12(4):1692. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041692
315 Daniel A. Walker on Twitter; August 27, 2022. https://dub.link/e9iUXWd
316 Michael Worobey, Dissecting the early COVID-19 cases in Wuhan.Science374,1202-1204(2021).DOI:10.1126/science.abm4454
317 Arrested Development: The number of Wuhan cases of COVID-19 with onset in 2019. Gilles Demaneuf DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.36081.97129.
318 Pekar J, Worobey M, Moshiri N, Scheffler K, Wertheim JO. Timing the SARS-CoV-2 index case in Hubei province. Science. 2021;372(6540):412-417. doi:10.1126/science.abf8003
319 WHO-convened global study of origins of SARS-CoV-2: China Part; Annexes. https://dub.link/OQygFng
320 The 2019-nCoV Outbreak Joint Field Epidemiology Investigation Team, Qun Li. An Outbreak of NCIP (2019-nCoV) Infection in China — Wuhan, Hubei Province, 2019−2020[J]. China CDC Weekly, 2020, 2(5): 79-80. doi: 10.46234/ccdcw2020.022
321 Alina Chan on Twitter; March 4, 2022. https://dub.link/o5yEwpe
322 Evidence for a natural origin of Covid-19 no longer dispositive after scientific peer review. Alina Chan – Medium; July 2022.
323 How to catch a scientific fraud. VOX; November 8, 2023.
324 Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China [published correction appears in Lancet. 2020 Feb 15;395(10223):496. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30252-X]. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
325 SAGO Presentation: Limitations of the official 2019 Wuhan cases (based on Primary Sources). Gilles Demaneuf; August 2023. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.31348.94086; page 101.
326 Li L, Yang L, Zhu H, Dai R. Explorative Analysis of Wuhan Intra-Urban Human Mobility Using Social Media Check-In Data. PLoS One. 2015 Aug 19;10(8):e0135286. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135286. PMID: 26288273; PMCID: PMC4545943.
327 Majra D, Benson J, Pitts J, Stebbing J. SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) superspreader events. J Infect. 2021;82(1):36-40. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.11.021
328 Wegehaupt O, Endo A, Vassall A. Superspreading, overdispersion and their implications in the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1):1003. Published 2023 May 30. doi:10.1186/s12889-023-15915-1
329 Covid-19: Thailand tests thousands after virus outbreak in seafood market. BBC, 21 december 2020.
330 Jurong Fishery Port: Singapore’s biggest COVID-19 community cluster closes. CNA; September 7, 2021.
331 12 more markets and food centres linked to Covid-19 cases: MOH. The Straits Times Singapore; July 18, 2021.
332 Pekar, J. E., Magee, A., Parker, E., Moshiri, N., Izhikevich, K., Havens, J. L., Gangavarapu, K., Malpica Serrano, L. M., Crits-Christoph, A., Matteson, N. L., Zeller, M., Levy, J. I., Wang, J. C., Hughes, S., Lee, J., Park, H., Park, M.-S., Ching Zi Yan, K., Tzer Pin Lin, R., … Wertheim, J. O. (2022). SARS-CoV-2 emergence very likely resulted from at least two zoonotic events. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6291628
333 Pekar JE, Magee A, Parker E, et al. The molecular epidemiology of multiple zoonotic origins of SARS-CoV-2 [published correction appears in Science. 2023 Oct 13;382(6667):eadl0585]. Science. 2022;377(6609):960-966. doi:10.1126/science.abp8337
334 De titel van de preprint luidt ‘SARS-CoV-2 emergence very likely resulted from at least two zoonotic events.’ Deze werd in de definitieve publicatie veranderd naar ‘The molecular epidemiology of multiple zoonotic origins of SARS-CoV-2.’ Beide duid ik aan als ‘Pekar et al.’, waarbij ik de definitieve studie als uitgangspunt neem.
335 Early appearance of two distinct genomic lineages of SARS-CoV-2 in different Wuhan wildlife markets suggests SARS-CoV-2 has a natural origin. Bob Garry; Virological.org, May 2021.
336 World Health Organization. Home/Publications/Overview/WHO-convened Global Study of the Origines of SARS-CoV-2: China Part. Joint WHO-China study: 14 January – 10 February 2021. https://dub.link/RLHFqMu
337 Chan JF, Yuan S, Kok KH, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):514-523. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9
338 Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet. 2020;395(10224):565-574. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8
339 Horiike, Tokumasa. (2016). AN INTRODUCTION TO MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS. Reviews in Agricultural Science. 4. 10.7831/ras.4.36.
340 Delete, Deny, and Destroy: Chinese and Western Strategies To Erase COVID’s Origin Are Being Exposed By Independent Research. Independent Science News; April 21, 2022.
341 Worobey M. Dissecting the early COVID-19 cases in Wuhan. Science. 2021;374(6572):1202-1204. doi:10.1126/science.abm4454
342 Kumar S, Tao Q, Weaver S, et al. An Evolutionary Portrait of the Progenitor SARS-CoV-2 and Its Dominant Offshoots in COVID-19 Pandemic. Mol Biol Evol. 2021;38(8):3046-3059. doi:10.1093/molbev/msab118
343 Caraballo-Ortiz MA, Miura S, Sanderford M, et al. TopHap: rapid inference of key phylogenetic structures from common haplotypes in large genome collections with limited diversity. Bioinformatics. 2022;38(10):2719-2726. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btac186
344 Cao Y, Chen L, Chen H, et al. Was Wuhan the early epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic? – A critique. Natl Sci Rev. 2022;10(4):nwac287. Published 2022 Dec 22. doi:10.1093/nsr/nwac287
345 Statistical challenges for inferring multiple SARS-CoV-2 spillovers with early outbreak phylodynamics. Alex Washburne, Adrian Jones, Daoyu Zhang, Yuri Deigin, Steven Quay, Steven E Massey. bioRxiv 2022.10.10.511625; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.10.10.511625
346 Clark CJ, Jussim L, Frey K, et al. Prosocial motives underlie scientific censorship by scientists: A perspective and research agenda. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2023;120(48):e2301642120. doi:10.1073/pnas.2301642120
347 Shir-Raz Y, Elisha E, Martin B, Ronel N, Guetzkow J. Censorship and Suppression of Covid-19 Heterodoxy: Tactics and Counter-Tactics [published online ahead of print, 2022 Nov 1]. Minerva. 2022;1-27. doi:10.1007/s11024-022-09479-4
348 Steven Massey on Twitter; August 3, 2022. https://dub.link/Ms2YCdv
349 Steven E Massey, Adrian Jones, Daouyu Zhang, Yuri Deigin, & Steven C Quay. (2022). Unwarranted exclusion of intermediate lineage A-B SARS-CoV-2 genomes is inconsistent with the two spillover hypothesis of the origin of COVID-19. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7362811
350 Delete, Deny, and Destroy: Chinese and Western Strategies To Erase COVID’s Origin Are Being Exposed By Independent Research. Independent Science News; April 21, 2022.
351 New Research Points to Wuhan Market as Pandemic Origin. The New York Times; February 27, 2022.
352 Studies offer further evidence that the coronavirus pandemic began in animals in Wuhan market. CNN; February 27, 2022.
353 Do three new studies add up to proof of COVID-19’s origin in a Wuhan animal market? Science Insider; 28 February 2022.
354 Studie levert nieuw bewijs voor dierenmarkt Wuhan als bron coronavirus. NOS Nieuws, maandag 28 februari 2022.
355 “This Shouldn’t Happen”: Inside the Virus-Hunting Nonprofit at the Center of the Lab-Leak Controversy. Vanity Fair; March 31, 2022.
356 Recovery of deleted deep sequencing data sheds more light on the early Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 epidemic. Jesse D. Bloom. bioRxiv 2021.06.18.449051; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.18.449051
357 The origin of COVID: Did people or nature open Pandora’s box at Wuhan? Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists; May 5, 2021.
358 Farkas C, Fuentes-Villalobos F, Garrido JL, Haigh J, Barría MI. Insights on early mutational events in SARS-CoV-2 virus reveal founder effects across geographical regions. PeerJ. 2020;8:e9255. Published 2020 May 21. doi:10.7717/peerj.9255
359 Recovery of deleted deep sequencing data sheds more light on the early Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 epidemic. Jesse D. Bloom. bioRxiv 2021.06.18.449051; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.18.449051
360 NIH director confirms agency hid early COVID genes at request of Chinese scientists. New York Post; May 11, 2022.
361 Live: News briefing on origin-tracing of COVID-19. China State Council Office News Conference, 22 July 2021. https://dub.link/Hs6efhm
362 https://dub.link/PHUwtEj; page 237.
363 Bijlage bij “This Shouldn’t Happen”: Inside the Virus-Hunting Nonprofit at the Center of the Lab-Leak Controversy. Vanity Fair; March 31, 2022. https://dub.link/FIkmgGt
364 https://dub.link/PHUwtEj; page 176.
365 Berkeley Research, University of California; Rasmus Nielsen. https://dub.link/XHwkUEJ
366 Pipes L, Wang H, Huelsenbeck JP, Nielsen R. Assessing Uncertainty in the Rooting of the SARS-CoV-2 Phylogeny. Mol Biol Evol. 2021;38(4):1537-1543. doi:10.1093/molbev/msaa316
367 Just the News NIH FOIA Request 56712. https://dub.link/PHUwtEj; page 210.
368 Bedford Lab; Trevor Bedford, Principal Investigator. https://dub.link/wlh4y3i
369 “This Shouldn’t Happen”: Inside the Virus-Hunting Nonprofit at the Center of the Lab-Leak Controversy. Vanity Fair; March 31, 2022.
370 Bijlage bij “This Shouldn’t Happen”: Inside the Virus-Hunting Nonprofit at the Center of the Lab-Leak Controversy. Vanity Fair; March 31, 2022. https://dub.link/FIkmgGt
371 Just the News NIH FOIA Request 56712. https://dub.link/PHUwtEj; page 209.
372 Jesse Bloom on Twitter; June 22, 2021. https://dub.link/xXnA0Ci
373 Just the News NIH FOIA Request 56712. https://dub.link/PHUwtEj; page 229.
374 Idem; page 227
375 After Covid-19 Data Is Deleted, NIH Reviews How Its Gene Archive Is Handled. The Wall Street Journal; September 13, 2021.
376 https://dub.link/PHUwtEj; page 225.
377 Jesse Bloom on Twitter; March 31, 2022. https://dub.link/XO5rUAb
378 Michael Worobey on Twitter; June 8, 2022. https://dub.link/K1o81Hk
379 Michael Worobey on Twitter; June 8, 2022. https://dub.link/JVjCU5x
380 Jesse Bloom on Twitter; June 8, 2022. https://dub.link/h9sk89B
381 Jesse D Bloom, Recovery of Deleted Deep Sequencing Data Sheds More Light on the Early Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 Epidemic, Molecular Biology and Evolution, Volume 38, Issue 12, December 2021, Pages 5211–5224, https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab246
382 Michael Worobey on Twitter; June 8, 2022. https://dub.link/PC5eNOa
383 A critical reexamination of recovered SARS-CoV-2 sequencing data. F. Débarre, Z. Hensel. bioRxiv 2024.02.15.580500; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.02.15.580500
384 Jesse Bloom on X; February 17, 2024. https://dub.link/jwYr2WA
385 Zhang, D., Demaneuf, G., Jones, A., Massey, S. E., Quay, S., Deigin, Y., & Nemzer, L. (2022). Zoonosis at the Huanan Seafood Market: A Critique. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7212687
386 Courtier-Orgogozo V, de Ribera FA. SARS-CoV-2 infection at the Huanan seafood market. Environ Res. 2022;214(Pt 1):113702. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2022.113702
387 Visiting the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market. Babar: https://dub.link/d0btAXi
388 SAGO Presentation: Limitations of the official 2019 Wuhan cases (based on Primary Sources). Gilles Demaneuf; August 2023. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.31348.94086; page 167-170.
389 Idem; page 31-32
390 China’s Health Care Crisis: Lines Before Dawn, Violence and ‘No Trust’. The New York Times; September 30, 2018.
391 SAGO Presentation: Limitations of the official 2019 Wuhan cases (based on Primary Sources). Gilles Demaneuf; August 2023. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.31348.94086; page 80-82; Page 40
392 Special Report | Doctors in private clinics fighting the new coronavirus. Caixin; April 7, 2020. https://dub.link/nUfkwno
393 SAGO Presentation: Limitations of the official 2019 Wuhan cases (based on Primary Sources). Gilles Demaneuf; August 2023. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.31348.94086; page 80-82; 151-153.
394 Daoyu Zhang, Gilles Demaneuf and Adrian Jones et al. Zoonosis at the Huanan Seafood Market: A Critique. 2022. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7212687; supplement.
395 In The Same Breath. HBO Documentary: Nanfu Wang; August 18, 2021.
396 TheEngineer2 (@Engineer2The) on X; May 17, 2024. https://dub.link/1JWBUHb
397 Nine Days in Wuhan, the Ground Zero of the Coronavirus Pandemic. The New Yorker; October 5, 2020.
398 Daoyu Zhang, Gilles Demaneuf and Adrian Jones et al. Zoonosis at the Huanan Seafood Market: A Critique. 2022. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7212687; supplement.
399 Schreck JH, Lashaki MJ, Hashemi J, Dhanak M, Verma S. Aerosol generation in public restrooms. Phys Fluids (1994). 2021;33(3):033320. doi:10.1063/5.0040310
400 Massicotte R, Assanta MA, Rosette KM. Importance of the Precautionary Principle With Regard to the Risk of Exposure to Aerosols Containing Viral Loads of SARS-CoV-2 Present in Feces: In Perspective. Front Public Health. 2022;10:892290. Published 2022 May 25. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.892290
401 Liu WJ, Liu P, Lei W, et al. Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 at the Huanan Seafood Market [published online ahead of print, 2023 Apr 5]. Nature. 2023;10.1038/s41586-023-06043-2. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06043-2
402 Idem; Supplementary Table 1: https://dub.link/DuSJtr3
403 Daoyu on Twitter; April 6, 2023. https://dub.link/3ne6hen
404 Daoyu on Twitter; April 20, 2023. https://dub.link/yH06jXC
405 Forefront of Virology COVID-19 Webinar Featuring Dr. Marion Koopmans, 24 June 2021https://dub.link/gyYy0xe; 19:10.
406 Marion Koopmans on Twitter; March 17, 2023. https://dub.link/GmC2qgS
407 The Strongest Evidence Yet That an Animal Started the Pandemic. The Atlantic; March 16, 2023.
408 Genetisch bewijs: wasbeerhond gaf mensheid coronavirus. De Volkskrant, 17 maart 2023
409 Wetenschappers vinden sterk genetisch bewijs dat een wasbeerhond aan begin coronapandemie stond. Het Parool, 17 maart 2023.
410 Wetenschappers vinden sterk genetisch bewijs dat een dier aan begin coronapandemie stond. Algemeen Dagblad, 17 maart 2023.
411 Genetisch bewijs brengt coronavirus in verband met wasbeerhonden. NOS Nieuws, zaterdag 18 maart 2023.
412 Crits-Christoph et al. (2023). Genetic evidence of susceptible wildlife in SARS-CoV-2 positive samples at the Huanan Wholesale Seafood Market, Wuhan: Analysis and interpretation of data released by the Chinese Center for Disease Control. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7754299
413 Liu, W.J., Liu, P., Lei, W. et al. Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 at the Huanan Seafood Market. Nature (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06043-2
414 WHO-convened Global Study of Origins of SARS-CoV-2: China Part. Joint WHO-China Study; 14 January – 10 February 2021, page 98.
415 Zhang YZ, Holmes EC. A Genomic Perspective on the Origin and Emergence of SARS-CoV-2. Cell. 2020;181(2):223-227. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.03.035
416 Xiao, X., Newman, C., Buesching, C.D. et al. Animal sales from Wuhan wet markets immediately prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. Sci Rep 11, 11898 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91470-2
417 Did Covid really originate in Wuhan’s seafood market? The Spectator, 18 March 2023.
418 Crits-Christoph et al. (2023). Genetic evidence of susceptible wildlife in SARS-CoV-2 positive samples at the Huanan Wholesale Seafood Market, Wuhan: Analysis and interpretation of data released by the Chinese Center for Disease Control. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7754299
419 Animal origin theory suddenly has a lot more weight behind it. ABC Coronacast; Tuesday, 21 March 2023. https://dub.link/G7jnf7v; 8:43
420 Inside the COVID Origins Raccoon Dog Cage Match. Vanity Fair; June 1, 2023.
421 Idem.
422 Idem.
423 Flo Débarre on Twitter; 22 March 2023. https://dub.link/sP912e7
424 GISAID offers a safe space to post viral genomes. Peter Bogner, its perplexing creator and overseer, may be jeopardizing its future. Science Insider, 19 April 2023
425 Inside the COVID Origins Raccoon Dog Cage Match. Vanity Fair; June 1, 2023.
426 Critics decry access, transparency issues with key trove of coronavirus sequences. Science Insider; 10 March 2021.
427 Unearthed genetic sequences from China market may point to animal origin of COVID-19. Science Insider, 16 March 2023.
428 Inside the COVID Origins Raccoon Dog Cage Match. Vanity Fair; June 1, 2023.
429 Washburne, Alex & Jones, Adrian & Zhang, Daoyu & Deigin, Yuri & Quay, Steven & Massey, Steven. (2022). Statistical challenges for inferring multiple SARS-CoV-2 spillovers with early outbreak phylodynamics. 10.1101/2022.10.10.511625.
430 Courtier-Orgogozo V, de Ribera FA. SARS-CoV-2 infection at the Huanan seafood market. Environ Res. 2022;214(Pt 1):113702. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2022.113702
431 Steven E Massey, Adrian Jones, Daouyu Zhang, Yuri Deigin, & Steven C Quay. (2022). Unwarranted exclusion of intermediate lineage A/B SARS-CoV-2 genomes is inconsistent with the two spillover hypothesis of the origin of COVID-19. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7005332
432 Zhang, Daoyu, Demaneuf, Gilles, Jones, Adrian, Massey, Steven E, Quay, Steven, Deigin, Yuri, & Nemzer, Louis. (2022). Zoonosis at the Huanan Seafood Market: A Critique. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7212687
433 Bahry, David. (2022). Circular arguments on the origin of SARS-CoV-2. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7016143
434 Steven Massey on Twitter; March 21, 2023. https://dub.link/YUVT5dP
435 Het DNA in een cel wordt onderverdeeld in DNA dat in de celkern aanwezig is en DNA dat in mitochondriën – de ‘energiecentrales’ van de cel – aanwezig is. Het DNA uit de celkern wordt ‘genomisch DNA’ genoemd en het DNA uit mitochondriën ‘mitochondriaal DNA’. Er zijn meerdere verschillen in eigenschappen en functies tussen beide soorten DNA, die voor het verhaal niet van belang zijn. Wel belangrijk is dat het mitochondriaal DNA heel geschikt is om te bepalen van welke diersoort dit afkomstig is. En dus gaat het belangrijkste deel van de analyse van Bloom over mitochondriaal DNA.
436 Steven Quay on Twitter; March 22, 203. https://dub.link/dk0NRFS
437 Crits-Christoph et al. (2023). Genetic evidence of susceptible wildlife in SARS-CoV-2 positive samples at the Huanan Wholesale Seafood Market, Wuhan: Analysis and interpretation of data released by the Chinese Center for Disease Control. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7754299
438 Steven Massey on Twitter; April 6, 2023. https://dub.link/aSxWuB0
439 Steven Massey on Twitter; April 6, 2023. https://dub.link/5qsHToB
440 Steven Massey on Twitter; April 6, 2023. https://dub.link/ZiNlV1N
441 Bloom Lab on Twitter; March 22, 2023. https://dub.link/8IWHbmu
442 Bloom Lab on Twitter; April 27, 2023. https://dub.link/geu57fe
443 Liu, W.J., Liu, P., Lei, W. et al. Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 at the Huanan Seafood Market. Nature (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06043-2
444 Association between SARS-CoV-2 and metagenomic content of samples from the Huanan Seafood Market. Jesse D. Bloom; bioRxiv 2023.04.25.538336; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.04.25.538336
445 Jesse D Bloom, Association between SARS-CoV-2 and metagenomic content of samples from the Huanan Seafood Market, Virus Evolution, Volume 9, Issue 2, 2023, vead050, https://doi.org/10.1093/ve/vead050
446 Covid-19 did not originate from animals at Wuhan food market, new analysis suggests. The Telegraph, 27 April 2023.
447 Inside the COVID Origins Raccoon Dog Cage Match. Vanity Fair; June 1, 2023.
448 Why Does Bad Science on COVID’s Origin Get Hyped? The New York Times; May 3, 2023.
449 Maarten Keulemans on Twitter; April 27, 2023. https://dub.link/TJNrw9v
450 Marion Koopmans on Twitter; March 21, 2023. https://dub.link/TaoJTwj
451 Nieuws & Co, dinsdag 21 maart 2023. https://dub.link/FQ2lyHb; vanaf 1:06:32.
452 WHO: Raccoon dog data give clues to COVID origin – but no definitive answer. Politico
453 David Hermiz on X; April 15, 2024. https://dub.link/yL2Uhfk
454 David Hermiz on X; June 23, 2024. https://dub.link/oSrPFEl
455 Triple Bankshot on X; June 23, 2024. https://dub.link/q7kNm5y
456 Débarre F. What we can and cannot learn from SARS-CoV-2 and animals in metagenomic samples from the Huanan market. Virus Evol. 2023;10(1):vead077. Published 2023 Dec 29. doi:10.1093/ve/vead077
457 Unearthed genetic sequences from China market may point to animal origin of COVID-19. Science Insider; 16 March 2023.
458 Bloom JD. Importance of quantifying the number of viral reads in metagenomic sequencing of environmental samples from the Huanan Seafood Market. Virus Evol. 2023;10(1):vead089. Published 2023 Dec 30. doi:10.1093/ve/vead089
459 Jesse Bloom’s Integrity vs. Flo Débarre’s Manipulative Tactics. Asya d’Nafsha on X; August 24, 2024. https://dub.link/e9DhwPo
460 Freuling CM, Breithaupt A, Müller T, et al. Susceptibility of Raccoon Dogs for Experimental SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(12):2982-2985. doi:10.3201/eid2612.203733
461 Jackson CB, Farzan M, Chen B, Choe H. Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2022;23(1):3-20. doi:10.1038/s41580-021-00418-x
462 De eerste twee auteurs hadden inmiddels stuivertje gewisseld, en Liu werd nu eerste auteur. Voor het gemak blijf ik het artikel echter aanduiden als Gao et al.
463 Liu WJ, Liu P, Lei W, et al. Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 at the Huanan Seafood Market [published online ahead of print, 2023 Apr 5]. Nature. 2023;10.1038/s41586-023-06043-2. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06043-2. (In de preprint is George Gao nog eerste auteur, maar in de uiteindelijke versie verschuift hij naar de positie van een senior auteur, en wordt William Liu eerste auteur).
464 Lab Leak Most Likely Origin of Covid-19 Pandemic, Energy Department Now Says. The Wall Street Journal; February 26, 2023.
465 Little-known scientific team behind new assessment on covid-19 origins. The Washington Post; February 28, 2023.
466 Statistics did not prove that the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market was the early epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic. Dietrich Stoyan, Sung Nok Chiu; 22 August 2022. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2208.10106
467 Statistical Analysis and Modelling of Spatial Point Patterns. Wiley-Interscience: 1st Edition; February 26, 2008.
468 Li L, Yang L, Zhu H, Dai R (2015) Explorative Analysis of Wuhan Intra-Urban Human Mobility Using Social Media Check-In Data. PLOS ONE 10(8): e0135286. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135286
469 Majra D, Benson J, Pitts J, Stebbing J. SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) superspreader events. J Infect. 2021 Jan;82(1):36-40. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.11.021. Epub 2020 Nov 25. PMID: 33245943; PMCID: PMC7685932.
470 Dietrich Stoyan, Sung Nok Chiu, Statistics did not prove that the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market was the early epicentre of the COVID-19 pandemic, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A: Statistics in Society, Volume 187, Issue 3, August 2024, Pages 710–719. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrsssa/qnad139
471 Covid Market Origins Hypothesis Challenged by Statisticians. Newsweek; January 18, 2024.
472 Schwere statistische Fehler bei Studie zum Ursprung der Covid-Pandemie; 09.02.2024.
473 Kritik an statistischer Analyse zum Corona-Ursprung. Frankfurter Allgemeine; 28.01.20224
474 Covid-19 origins: researchers challenge early paper pointing to Wuhan market as epicentre of pandemic. South China Morning Post; January 29, 2024.
475 Confirmation of the centrality of the Huanan market among early Covid-19 cases. Reply to Stoyan and Chiu (2024); March 9, 2024. arXiv:2403.05859v1
476 Florin (@Florin_Uncovers) on X; April 5, 2024. https://dub.link/8CfJy6D
477 New Research Points to Wuhan Market as Pandemic Origin. New York Times; February 27, 2022.
478 Studies offer further evidence that the coronavirus pandemic began in animals in Wuhan market. CNN; February 27, 2022.
479 CD8 (@CD57227) on X; January 16, 2024. https://dub.link/DRUtupO
480 Studie levert nieuw bewijs voor dierenmarkt Wuhan als bron coronavirus. NOS Nieuws, 28 februari 2022.
481 Michael B Weissman, Proximity ascertainment bias in early COVID case locations, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A: Statistics in Society, 2024;, qnae021, https://doi.org/10.1093/jrsssa/qnae021
482 Florence Débarre and Michael Worobey. No evidence of systematic proximity ascertainment bias in early COVID-19 cases in Wuhan Reply to Weissman (2024). 2024. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2405.08040
483 Michael Weissman on X; May 16, 2024. https://dub.link/geu57fe
484 Libertarian Virologist on X; May 17, 2024. https://dub.link/swcOzMr
485 Proximity Ascertainment Bias in Early Covid Case Locations. M.B. Weissman. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2401.08680; Addendum.
486 Guy Gadboit on X; June 20, 2024. https://dub.link/uv3OzzA
487 An Inconvenient Probability v5.10. Michael’s Substack: Michael Weissman; March 14, 2024.
488 Idem.
489 Gilles Demaneuf on X; October 26, 2024. https://dub.link/ShcNpkT
490 Is The COVID Lab Leak Hypothesis Dead? Kristian Andersen, Mike Worobey & Philp Markolin. Bad Boy of Science, 29 Juli 2022. https://dub.link/buTNdwi
491 Idem; https://dub.link/KiAMPBa
492 Backstage story: The October 2023 Correction to Pekar et al. Gilles Demaneuf; Oktober 25, 2023.
493 Nod on Twitter; July 31, 2023. https://dub.link/ejknwPj
494 Erratum for the Research Article “The molecular epidemiology of multiple zoonotic origins of SARS-CoV-2” by J. E. Pekar et al..Science 382,eadl0585(2023).DOI:10.1126/science.adl0585
495 Nod on X; March 17, 2024. https://dub.link/bqqxshx
496 Michael Weissman on X; March 17, 2024. https://dub.link/qSyUF5F
497 An Inconvenient Probability v5.10. Michael’s Substack. Michael Weissman; March 14, 2024.
498 Idem.
499 Conspiracy Theories About COVID-19 Help Nobody. Foreign Policies; September 15, 2022.
500 Lv JX, Liu X, Pei YY, et al. Evolutionary trajectory of diverse SARS-CoV-2 variants at the beginning of COVID-19 outbreak. Virus Evol. 2024;10(1):veae020. Published 2024 Mar 5. doi:10.1093/ve/veae020
501 Steven Massey on X; March 8, 2024. https://dub.link/4WckuGk
502 Jesse Bloom on X; March 6, 2024. https://dub.link/oHFla3f
503 COVID Origins: Worobey et al 2022 and Pekar et al 2022 Retraction Request; June 2024. https://dub.link/Ll38oOl
504 Genetic tracing of market wildlife and viruses at the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic
bioRxiv 2023.09.13.557637; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.09.13.557637
505 Genetic tracing of market wildlife and viruses at the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic
Crits-Christoph, Alexander et al. Cell, Volume 187, Issue 19, 5468 – 5482.e11
506 Evidence points to Wuhan market as source of covid-19 outbreak. New Scientist; 19 September 2024.
507 New genetic research points to Wuhan animal market as origin of COVID pandemic, study says. Los Angeles Times; September 2021, 2024.
508 New research points to raccoon dogs in Wuhan market as pandemic trigger. It’s controversial. NPR September 19, 2024.
509 COVID pandemic started in Wuhan market animals after all, suggests latest study. Nature News; 20 September 2024.
510 Was eine neue Studie über den Ursprung der Coronapandemie aussagt. Der Spiegel Wissenschaft; 19 September 2024.
511 New study reinforces theory Covid emerged at Chinese market. AFP; September 20, 2024.
512 Genetic tracing at the Huanan Seafood market further supports COVID animal origins. Scripps Research; September 19, 2024.
513 Dissenting Skeptic on X; September 20, 2024. https://dub.link/st2RVlk
514 The Strongest Evidence Yet That Major Media Outlets Fail in the SARS-CoV-2 Origin Question. @vbruttel’s Substack; March 22, 2023: Update.
515 Dont’ fall for the Chinese wet market theory for Covid. Matt Ridley; The Telegraph, 21 September 2024.
516 Ny studie hevder at covid-19 kom fra marked: – Prøver å lukke hele diskusjonen. Verdens Gang; 21. september 2024.
517 Liu WJ, Liu P, Lei W, et al. Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 at the Huanan Seafood Market. Nature. 2024;631(8020):402-408. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06043-2
518 Kumar S, Tao Q, Weaver S, et al. An Evolutionary Portrait of the Progenitor SARS-CoV-2 and Its Dominant Offshoots in COVID-19 Pandemic. Mol Biol Evol. 2021;38(8):3046-3059. doi:10.1093/molbev/msab118
519 Caraballo-Ortiz MA, Miura S, Sanderford M, et al. TopHap: rapid inference of key phylogenetic structures from common haplotypes in large genome collections with limited diversity. Bioinformatics. 2022;38(10):2719-2726. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btac186
520 Samson S, Lord É, Makarenkov V. Assessing the emergence time of SARS-CoV-2 zoonotic spillover. PLoS One. 2024;19(4):e0301195. Published 2024 Apr 4. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0301195
521 Liu, W.J., Liu, P., Lei, W. et al. Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 at the Huanan Seafood Market. Nature 631, 402–408 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06043-2; Supplementary Table 5 en Supplementary Table 2.
522 TheEngineer2 on X; December 29, 2023. https://dub.link/WxbudCl
523 Cao Y, Chen L, Chen H, et al. Was Wuhan the early epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic? – A critique. Natl Sci Rev. 2022;10(4):nwac287. Published 2022 Dec 22. doi:10.1093/nsr/nwac287
524 Jesse D Bloom, Association between SARS-CoV-2 and metagenomic content of samples from the Huanan Seafood Market, Virus Evolution, Volume 9, Issue 2, 2023, vead050, https://doi.org/10.1093/ve/vead050
525 Virology—The next fifty years. Holmes, Edward C. et al. Cell, Volume 187, Issue 19, 5128 – 5145
526 Crits-Christoph et al. 2024 Retraction Request. Biosafety Now; September 19, 2024.
527 Arrested Development: The number of Wuhan cases of COVID-19 with onset in 2019. Gilles Demaneuf DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.36081.97129.
528 Een groot deel van het verhaal dat volgt is gebaseerd op persoonlijke gesprekken met The Engineer en op een zeer uitgebreid document waarin alle informatie over deze vroege gevallen is verzameld. Bij het verzamelen en ordenen heeft, naast The Engineer zelf, ook Gilles Demaneuf weer een grote rol gespeeld. Dit document is echter niet openbaar en niet alles wat erin staat mag gepubliceerd worden, omdat dit voor sommige mensen een risico zou kunnen vormen. Daarom ontbreken in een deel van dit verhaal de noten, omdat de informatie uit dat document afkomstig is.
529 TheEngineer2 on Twitter; June 25, 2022. https://dub.link/iCexvfO
530 Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, et al. Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(13):1199-1207. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001316
531 Idem.
532 Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China [published correction appears in Lancet. 2020 Jan 30;:]. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
533 Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China [published correction appears in Lancet. 2020 Jan 30;:]. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
534 Francisco de Asis on Twitter; May 25, 2021. https://dub.link/b5LmWM9
535 Podcast ‘This week in Virology’ 760; SARS-CoV-2 origins with Peter Daszak, Thea Kølsen Fischer, Marion Koopmans; 27 May 2021: https://dub.link/UMbeLxq
536 From Wuhan to Paris to Milan, the search for ‘patient zero’. The Washington Post; July 7, 2021.
537 WHO clarifies details of early covid patients in Wuhan after errors in virus report. The Washington Post; July 15, 2021.
538 Francisco de Asis on Twitter; July 8, 2021. https://dub.link/WI9rhaT
539 Worobey M. Dissecting the early COVID-19 cases in Wuhan. Science. 2021;374(6572):1202-1204. doi:10.1126/science.abm4454
540 Fever: The Hunt for Covid’s Origin. Part 5: Labs, Safety, and Risk; 27 June 2023
541 Bloom JD, Chan YA, Baric RS, et al. Investigate the origins of COVID-19. Science. 2021;372(6543):694. doi:10.1126/science.abj0016
542 Exclusive丨Looking for the first infected person in Huanan Seafood Market. The Paper; March 25, 2020. https://dub.link/9HbxCFn
543 Idem.
544 Was the First Known COVID-19 Case a Wuhan Market Vendor? Jeremy R. Hammond’ April 3, 2023.
545 Exclusive | Genetic sequencing of the new coronavirus traces its origins: When did the alarm sound? Caixin Global; February 26, 2020.
546 Selected articles from “People”: Wuhan Doctor, whistler – Ai Fen. People Magazine; 14 March, 2020. Vertaling via Google Translate.
547 Ren LL, Wang YM, Wu ZQ, et al. Identification of a novel coronavirus causing severe pneumonia in human: a descriptive study. Chin Med J (Engl). 2020;133(9):1015-1024. doi:10.1097/CM9.0000000000000722
548 Was the First Known COVID-19 Case a Wuhan Market Vendor? Jeremy R. Hammond’ April 3, 2023.
549 Transcript of the press conference of the Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of the State Council on December 11, 2021. Publicity Department. https://dub.link/7zrxGV8
550 Eyewitness accounts: The whole story of the infection of medical staff at Wuhan Central Hospital. Sina News; February 17, 2020. https://dub.link/bg3oQ21
551 Wuhan Chemical New City Engineering Co. Ltd. https://dub.link/LKuTbAj
552 The Early Days of the Coronavirus Outbreak in Wuhan. Der Spiegel International; 12 May 2020
553 Na’an COVID-19 recovered patient Chen Qingbo donates plasma to repay society after recovery. Minnan Daily; 19 February 2020.
554 ‘First level response’ (New Crown Epidemic Panoramic Documentary). https://dub.link/m7gENrm
555 Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B, et al. A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China [published correction appears in Nature. 2020 Apr;580(7803):E7]. Nature. 2020;579(7798):265-269. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2008-3
556 Xin H, Li Y, Wu P, et al. Estimating the Latent Period of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Clin Infect Dis. 2022;74(9):1678-1681. doi:10.1093/cid/ciab746
557 Holmes EC, Goldstein SA, Rasmussen AL, et al. The origins of SARS-CoV-2: A critical review. Cell. 2021;184(19):4848-4856. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.08.017
558 How It All Started: China’s Early Coronavirus Missteps. The Wall Street Journal; March 6, 2020.
559 Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, et al. Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(13):1199-1207. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001316
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561 Pneumonia epidemic situation caused by new coronavirus infection on January 23. Office of Health Emergency, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China; 23 January 2020. https://dub.link/FYllgLB
562 Francisco de Asis on Twitter; July 8, 2021. https://dub.link/fH8IRcQ
563 WHO clarifies details of early covid patients in Wuhan after errors in the virus report. The Washington Post; July 15, 2021.
564 Dansker was head of WHO’s mission to Wuhan: Maybe some is not at all interested in finding the truth. TV2; 12 August 2021. https://dub.link/7CO55I9
565 First Known Covid Case was Vendor at Wuhan Market, Scientist Says. The New York Times; November 18, 2021.
566 Mahjong houses silent as China purifies its social environment. South China Morning Post; 21 October 2019.
567 Mahjong: Police clamp down on China’s most loved game. BBC News; 24 October 2019.
568 China Mahjong dens were superspreader sites, spurring crackdown. Bangkok Post; 12 August 2021.
569 China’s zero Covid strategy is being undermined by mahjong. The Spectator, 21 August 2021.
570 Coronavirus: Police in China smash mahjong tables to stop villagers from gathering. South China Morning Post; 31 January 2020. https://dub.link/ehIx0l9
571 Shock: No traditional Chinese game Mahjong gathering is allowed. Tables immediately destroyed. Above the Mess, 19 February 2020. https://dub.link/gbFa1k8
572 Nine Days in Wuhan, the Ground Zero of the Coronavirus Pandemic. The New Yorker; October 5, 2020.
573 Emilie Jiang on Twitter; March 17, 2020. https://dub.link/y8GBUHx
574 The “not infected” patrolman who lives in isolation at the South China Seafood Market reveals the characteristics of the first few people who were infected. Baidu News; 16 March 2020. https://archive.is/NRe08
575 Wuhan Huanan Seafood Market in the Unexplained Pneumonia Incident. The Beijing News; January 2, 2020. https://dub.link/N4xl3LS
576 Where does the source of COVID-19 come from? Experts believe it is likely to come from wild meat. China Business News; 21 January 2020. https://archive.vn/NhRD4#selection-1175.160-1175.168
577 How it all started: China’s Early Coronavirus Missteps. The Wall Street Journal; March 6, 2020.
578 Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, et al. Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(13):1199-1207. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001316
579 Origins of Covid. Webinar British Medical Journal; 8 October 2021. https://dub.link/4Q7Pai7
580 The Rashomon of the epidemic: the life of death moments of patients, doctors, and decision makers. China Philanthropist Magazine; February 2020. https://dub.link/W1RPLBe