1 The DRASTIC A Team. https://dub.link/tmQcBHm
2 We are D.R.A.S.T.I.C: Dedicated Research and Scientific Team Investigating Covid-19. Meet Our Team. https://dub.link/ax3FBOr
4 Jimmy Tobias. Investigative reporter. https://dub.link/ndSPL3E
7 Undiagnosed Pneumonia – China (Hubei)): Request for Information. ProMED International Society for Infectious Diseases. Published Date: 2019-12-30 23:59:00. https://dub.link/HpnxdEi
8 Patients with pneumonia of unknown cause in Wuhan and the place where they occurred have been isolated. Many hospitals have held special meetings on prevention, control and treatment. Sina News; December 31, 2019. https://dub.sh/Wk3jjhj
9 Listings of WHO’s response to COVID-19. https://dub.link/RN48a6c
10 Wuhan seafood market pneumonia virus isolate Wuhan-Hu-1, complete genome. https://dub.link/X9WuXgx
11 Novel 2019 coronavirus genome; 10th January 2020. https://dub.link/WdwPMAT
12 Singh S, McNab C, Olson RM, et al. How an outbreak became a pandemic: a chronological analysis of crucial junctures and international obligations in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet. 2021;398(10316):2109-2124. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01897-3.
13 Opinion | Wuhan’s early covid cases are a mystery. What is China hiding? The Washington Post; November 17, 2022.
14 The Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Emergency Response Epidemiology Team. The Epidemiological Characteristics of an Outbreak of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Diseases (COVID-19) – China, 2020. China CDC Wkly. 2020;2(8):113-122.
15 Wei J-T, Liu Z-D, Fan Z-W, Zhao L, Cao W-C. Epidemiology of and Risk Factors for COVID-19 Infection among Health Care Workers: A Multi-Centre Comparative Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(19):7149. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197149
16 Shi F, Wen H, Liu R, et al. The comparison of epidemiological characteristics between confirmed and clinically diagnosed cases with COVID-19 during the early epidemic in Wuhan, China. Glob Health Res Policy. 2021;6(1):18. Published 2021 May 28. doi:10.1186/s41256-021-00200-8
17 Pan A, Liu L, Wang C, et al. Association of Public Health Interventions With the Epidemiology of the COVID-19 Outbreak in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(19):1915-1923. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.6130.
18 Centers for Applications of Spatial Information Technologies in Public Health: Prof. Cao Wuchun. https://dub.link/6ptIWuS
19 Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Scientific Advisory Committee of Center for Emerging Diseases, WIV, CAS. https://tinyurl.com/4rf6jbju
20 Feng D, de Vlas SJ, Fang LQ, et al. The SARS epidemic in mainland China: bringing together all epidemiological data. Trop Med Int Health. 2009;14 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):4-13. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2008.02145.x.
21 Wang F, Cao J, Yu Y, et al. Epidemiological characteristics of patients with severe COVID-19 infection in Wuhan, China: evidence from a retrospective observational study [published correction appears in Int J Epidemiol. 2021 May 17;50(2):700]. Int J Epidemiol. 2021;49(6):1940-1950. doi:10.1093/ije/dyaa180.
22 Bai J, Shi F, Cao J, et al. The epidemiological characteristics of deaths with COVID-19 in the early stage of epidemic in Wuhan, China [published correction appears in Glob Health Res Policy. 2020 Dec 31;5(1):55]. Glob Health Res Policy. 2020;5(1):54. Published 2020 Dec 21. doi:10.1186/s41256-020-00183-y.
23 Mubarik S, Liu X, Eshak ES, et al. The Association of Hypertension With the Severity of and Mortality From the COVID-19 in the Early Stage of the Epidemic in Wuhan, China: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:623608. Published 2021 May 12. doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.623608.
24 DRASTIC staat voor Decentralized Radical Autonomous Search Team Investigating COVID-19. Het is een team van deels anonieme internetspeurders, data-analisten, modelleurs, wetenschappers en moleculair biologen. Deze onderzoeksgroep komt in het verdere verhaal regelmatig voorbij en speelt een cruciale rol bij het boven water halen van informatie over het vroege begin van de uitbraak en de origine van SARS-CoV-2.
25 Bevestigd door middel van laboratoriumonderzoek betekent in dit geval door middel van een positieve PCR-test of, in enkele gevallen, door middel van ‘sequencing’ van het genoom van het virus. Klinisch gediagnosticeerd betekent in dit geval een verdenking op COVID-19, op basis van koorts en klachten van een luchtweginfectie, een verlaagd of normaal aantal witte bloedcellen en/of een normaal of verlaagd aantal lymfocyten, en geen verbetering van het klinisch beeld na minstens drie dagen antibiotica, waarbij de diagnose bevestigd werd met een CT-scan van de thorax (longen).
26 Arrested Development: The number of Wuhan cases of COVID-19 with onset in 2019. Gilles Demaneuf DOI:10.13140/RG.2.2.36081.97129. De analyse van Gilles Demaneuf aan de hand van de referenties 3, 4, 5 en 6.
27 SAGO Presentation: Limitations of the official 2019 Wuhan cases (based on Primary Sources). Gilles Demaneuf; August 2023. DOI:10.13140/RG.2.2.31348.94086
28 Idem.
29 Coronavirus: China’s first confirmed Covid-19 case traced back to November 17. South China Morning Post, 13 March 2020.
30 World Health Organization. Home/ Publications/ Overview/ WHO-convened Global Study of the Origines of SARS-CoV-2: China Part. Joint WHO-China study: 14 January – 10 February 2021; Annexis.
31 World Health Organization. Home/Publications/Overview/WHO-convened Global Study of the Origines of SARS-CoV-2: China Part. Joint WHO-China study: 14 January – 10 February 2021.
32 Een zoönose is een infectieziekte die van een dier op de mens kan overgaan. De meest bekende gevallen zijn SARS en MERS.
33 SAGO Presentation: Limitations of the official 2019 Wuhan cases (based on Primary Sources). Gilles Demaneuf; August 2023. DOI:10.13140/RG.2.2.31348.94086; page 96.
34 Li X, Cui W, Zhang F. Who Was the First Doctor to Report the COVID-19 Outbreak in Wuhan, China? J Nucl Med. 2020;61(6):782-783. doi:10.2967/jnumed.120.247262.
35 Singh S, McNab C, Olson RM, et al. How an outbreak became a pandemic: a chronological analysis of crucial junctures and international obligations in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet. 2021;398(10316):2109-2124. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01897-3.
36 Rushed data collection of suspected early Covid-19 cases in Wuhan. Gilles Demaneuf; October 15, 2020.
37 Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, et al. Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(13):1199-1207. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001316.
38 Gao Z, Xu Y, Sun C, et al. A systematic review of asymptomatic infections with COVID-19. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2021;54(1):12-16. doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2020.05.001.
39 Covid-19 Was Spreading in China Before First Confirmed Cases, Fresh Evidence Suggests. The Wall Street Journal, 19th February 2021.
40 Li R, Pei S, Chen B, et al. Substantial undocumented infection facilitates the rapid dissemination of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Science. 2020;368(6490):489-493. doi:10.1126/science.abb3221.
41 One Doctor’s Life on the Coronavirus Front Lines. ‘If We Fail, What Happens to You All?’ The Wall Street Journal; March 4, 2020.
42 Ai T, Yang Z, Hou H, et al. Correlation of Chest CT and RT-PCR Testing for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: A Report of 1014 Cases. Radiology. 2020;296(2):E32-E40. doi:10.1148/radiol.2020200642
43 Inside China – For Whom the Warning System Tolls. Echo Wall: Liu Cong; January 13, 2021. https://dub.link/1RFafHM
44 What are China’s Two Sessions? The annual parliamentary meetings explained. Hong Kong Free Press; 3 March 2024.
45 SAGO Presentation: Limitations of the official 2019 Wuhan cases (based on Primary Sources). Gilles Demaneuf; August 2023. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.31348.94086; page 24.
46 Wuhan officials face questions, anger over virus respons. The Associated Press; January 29, 2020.
47 Early missteps and state secrecy in China probably allowed the coronavirus to spread farther and faster. The Washington Post; February 1, 2020.
48 China didn’t warn public of likely pandemic for 6 key days. The Associated Press; April 15, 2020.
49 China Ousts 2 Party Officials Amid Outrage About Coronavirus Response. The New York Times; February 13, 2020.
50 Four people died in the line of duty and four were in danger – the “darkest moment” of Wuhan Central Hospital. 11 March 2020. https://dub.link/36dNy29
51 China didn’t warn public of likely pandemic for 6 key days. The Associated Press; April 15, 2020.
52 Idem.
53 Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, et al. Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(13):1199-1207. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001316.
54 Singh S, McNab C, Olson RM, et al. How an outbreak became a pandemic: a chronological analysis of crucial junctures and international obligations in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet. 2021;398(10316):2109-2124. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01897-3.
55 China’s COVID Secrets (full documentary) | FRONTLINE PBS; 3 February 2021. https://dub.link/jRshsYu
56 Why did the online direct reporting system for infectious diseases, which was built with an investment of 730 million, malfunction for 28 days? Tencent News; 2 May 2020. https://dub.link/wF9cf8T
57 China Created a Fail-Safe System to Track Contagions. It Failed. The New York Times; March 29, 2020. Updated December 22, 2020.
58 Inside China – For Whom the Warning System Tolls. Echo Wall: Liu Cong; January 13, 2021. https://dub.link/1RFafHM
59 SAGO Presentation: Limitations of the official 2019 Wuhan cases (based on Primary Sources). Gilles Demaneuf; August 2023. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.31348.94086; page 71.
60 Why did the online direct reporting system for infectious diseases, which was built with an investment of 730 million, malfunction for 28 days? Tencent News; 2 May 2020. https://dub.link/wF9cf8T
61 SAGO Presentation: Limitations of the official 2019 Wuhan cases (based on Primary Sources). Gilles Demaneuf; August 2023. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.31348.94086; page 71.
62 Idem; page 113.
63 Idem; page 116.
64 Why did the online direct reporting system for infectious diseases, which was built with an investment of 730 million, malfunction for 28 days? Tencent News; 2 May 2020. https://dub.link/wF9cf8T
65 Dr. Ai Fen, 艾芬, the Wuhan Whistle. Science Integrity in the News; March 11, 2020.
66 Dit blijkt een fout-positieve uitslag te zijn. Het gaat niet om SARS, maar om SARS-CoV-2.
67 Inside China – For Whom the Warning System Tolls. Echo Wall: Liu Cong; January 13, 2021. https://dub.link/1RFafHM
68 Reprimanded Wuhan doctor: 11 days later, he was infected by a patient and was admitted to the isolation ward. Weixin; 27 January 2020. https://dub.link/7obv8eu
69 China’s COVID Secrets (full documentary) |FRONTLINE. 3 February 2021. https://dub.link/rcHqZsJ
70 CT of patients with new corona pneumonia, please consult with experts. Dingxiangyuan Community; December 12, 2019. https://dub.link/zvpH0Fn
71 Inside China – For Whom the Warning System Tolls. Echo Wall: Liu Cong; January 13, 2021. https://dub.link/1RFafHM
72 How a Chinese Doctor Who Warned of Covid-19 Spent His Final Days. The New York Times; October 6, 2022.
73 China didn’t warn public of likely pandemic for 6 key days. The Associated Press; April 15, 2020.
74 SAGO Presentation: Limitations of the official 2019 Wuhan cases (based on Primary Sources). Gilles Demaneuf; August 2023. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.31348.94086; page 85.
75 Idem; page 185.
76 Idem; page 173.
77 Idem; page 175.
78 Idem; page 189.
79 Proximal Origin – A Tragicomedy of our Times (Part 1). Gilles Demaneuf; August 4, 2024.
80 Behind Cai L’s departure: The Commission for Discipline Inspection conducted an investigation into dereliction of duty for nearly two months and interviewed 200 people. NetEase News; August 29, 2020. https://dub.link/Q2IOvUn
81 Experts Review: Behind the failure of reporting “pneumonia of unknown cause”. China Newsweek; March 2, 2020. https://dub.link/o6YfSfQ
82 In hunt for Virus Source, W.H.O. Let China Take Charge. The New York Times; November 2, 2020.
83 China delayed releasing coronavirus info, frustrating WHO. AP; June 2, 2020.
84 In hunt for Virus Source, W.H.O. Let China Take Charge. The New York Times; November 2, 2020.
85 Singh S, McNab C, Olson RM, et al. How an outbreak became a pandemic: a chronological analysis of crucial junctures and international obligations in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet. 2021;398(10316):2109-2124. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01897-3.
86 On the Supplementary Regulations on Strengthening the Management of Science and Technology During the Emergency Response to the Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia. Memo (2020) No. 16 of the Science and Technology Department. Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; February 25, 2020. https://dub.link/2wGpL1j
87 China Is Censoring Research on COVID-19 Origins, Deleted Page on Wuhan University Website Suggests. Newsweek; April 12, 2020.
88 Notice on the Standardization of the Management of Publication of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Scientific Research: Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of the State Council in Response to the Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Scientific Research Group, March 3, 2020. https://dub.link/S1z4Rog
89 No ‘Negative’ News: How China Censored the Coronavirus. The New York Times; December 19, 2020.
90 All the early COVID-19 stories censored off Chinese internet. The China Project; April 7, 2020.
91 How China’s Response to COVID-19 set the stage for a worldwide wave of censorship. The New Yorker, 25th April 2022.
92 Barging into your home, threatening your family, or making you disappear: Here’s what China does to people who speak out against them. Business Insider Nederland; 19 August 2018.
93 French army returned from Wuhan military games in October with mystery illness. The Mirror; May 7, 2020.
94 More athletes claim they contracted COVID-19 at Military World Games in Wuhan; Inside the games; May 17, 2020.
95 Military World Games in Wuhan in focus: “We were all sick.” Web24 News; May 7, 2020.
96 Congress is investigating whether the 2019 Military World Games in Wuhan was a covid-19 superspreader event. Washington Post; June 23, 2021.
97 Experts judge the source of the new coronavirus: December 8 last year may not be the earliest time of onset in Wuhan. Health Times; February 27, 2020. https://dub.link/gXaUc42
98 Is ‘Patient Su’ Covid’s Patient Zero? Ian Birrel, who’s led the way in exposing Beijing’s lies, reveals how a woman aged 61 was diagnosed with virus three weeks before China admits that it even existed. Mail on Sunday, 29 May 2021.
99 Nsoesie, Elaine Okanyene, Benjamin Rader, Yiyao L. Barnoon, Lauren Goodwin, and John S. Brownstein. Analysis of hospital traffic and search engine data in Wuhan China indicates early disease activity in the Fall of 2019 (2020). https://dub.link/tGViW4N
100 Satellite data suggests coronavirus may have hit China earlier: Researchers. ABC News, 8th June 2020.
101 Surviving the Outbreak. Reflections on ConGen Wuhan’s evacuation and life in quarantine. State Magazine; April 2020. https://dub.link/kRHpNjl
102 International student stranded in Wuhan describes scene in coronavirus-hit city. Arirang News; 4 February 2020. https://dub.link/mW3Bb1M
103 Dai Y, Wang J. Identifying the outbreak signal of COVID-19 before the response of the traditional disease monitoring system. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2020;14(10):e0008758. Published 2020 Oct 1. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0008758.
104 Report says cellphone data suggests October shutdown at Wuhan lab, but experts are sceptical. NBC News; May 9, 2020.
105 MACE E-PAI COVID-19 ANALYSIS. https://dub.link/XyptSak
106 Report says cellphone data suggests October shutdown at Wuhan lab, but experts are sceptical. NBC News; May 9, 2020.
107 BSL staat voor BioSafety Level, het niveau van uitrusting van een laboratorium en voorzorgsmaatregelen die genomen worden om besmetting van personeel te voorkomen. Er zijn vier verschillende BSL-niveaus, waarbij BSL1 het laagste niveau is. Die laboratoria hebben een eenvoudige inrichting en uitrusting en kennen alleen basale voorzorgsmaatregelen. Het BSL4-niveau is het hoogste niveau en vereist een speciale constructie en inrichting van een laboratorium. Dergelijke laboratoria hebben een uitgebreid pakket aan voorzorgs- en beschermingsmaatregelen en vereisen bovendien uitgebreide scholing en training van het personeel.
108 Public Health Emergency – Science Safety Security: Biosafety Levels. https://dub.link/aUbyOQY
109 Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Talent Team Shi Zhengli. https://dub.link/WTuEYvw
110 This biologist helped trace SARS to bats. Now, he’s working to uncover the origins of COVID-19. Science Insider; 30 September 2020.
111 https://dub.link/nEJ2lRs; page 362.
112 COVID-19 Origins: Investigating a “Complex and Grave Situation” Inside a Wuhan Lab. ProPublica; October 28, 2022.
113 An Analysis of the Origins of the COVID-19 Pandemic – Interim Report. Senate Committee on Health Education, Labor and Pensions – Minority Oversight Staff; October 2022. https://dub.link/78PYYYL
114 COVID-19 Origins: Investigating a “Complex and Grave Situation” Inside a Wuhan Lab. ProPublica; October 28, 2022.
115 Idem.
116 COVID-19 Origins: Investigating a “Complex and Grave Situation” Inside a Wuhan Lab. ProPublica; October 28, 2022.
117 The Origins of COVID-19: An Investigation of the Wuhan Institute of Virology – House Foreign Affairs Committee Minority Staf; August 2021. https://dub.link/aKMYyQM
118 Idem.
119 Idem.
120 Idem.
121 COVID-19 Origins: Investigating a “Complex and Grave Situation” Inside a Wuhan Lab. ProPublica; October 28, 2022. Link onder het kopje “Complex and Grave Situation”.
122 Idem.
123 Wuhan Institute of Virology – Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, CAS. https://dub.link/5Y0casu
124 COVID-19 Origins: Investigating a “Complex and Grave Situation” Inside a Wuhan Lab. ProPublica; October 28, 2022.
125 Editor’s Note: A Review of Criticisms of a ProPublica-Vanity Fair Story on a COVID Origins Report. ProPublica; November 30, 2022.
126 What it’s REALLY like to catch coronavirus: First British victim, 25, describes how ‘worst disease he ever had’ left him sweating, shivering, and struggling to breathe as his eyes burned and bones ached. Daily Mail, 4 March 2020.
127 Shi J, Wen Z, Zhong G, et al. Susceptibility of ferrets, cats, dogs, and other domesticated animals to SARS-coronavirus 2. Science. 2020;368(6494):1016-1020. doi:10.1126/science.abb7015
128 Connor Reed: Family of first Briton known to have caught COVID ‘may never know truth’ about his death. Sky News; November 7, 2020.
129 Inquest into first known Brit to catch coronavirus confirms provisional cause of of his death. Daily Post; February 3, 2021.
130 Is a graduate student at the Wuhan Institute of Virology the patient zero? Supervisor: She was not infected. NetEase; February 16, 2020.
131 Huang Yanling’s company responds to the rumor of COVID-19 patient zero: She is under a lot of pressure. NetEase; February 16, 2020.
132 Year-long hunt for Chinese lab researcher believed to be the world’s first Covid patient thwarted by ‘state cover-up’. Mail Online; January 17, 2021.
133 What really happened in Wuhan. Sharri Markson. HarperCollins Publishers (Australia) Pty Ltd; 28 April 2021.
134 Virus Mystery – Photo Emerges ‘showing patient zero at Wuhan lab’ three years after bosses claimed she left and never returned. The Sun; January 18, 2021.
135 Chen Qiushi: Chinese journalist missing since February ‘under state supervision’. BBC, 24 September 2020.
136 Le Zehua: Journalist who ‘disappeared’ after Wuhan chase reappears. BBC, 23 april 2020.
137 Ren Zhigiang: Outspoken ex-real estate tycoon gets 18 years in jail. BBC, 22 September 2020.
138 Fang Bin: China Covid whistleblower returns home to Wuhan after jail. BBC; 2 May 2023.
139 Seized by the Police, an Outspoken Chinese Professor Sees Fears Come True. The New York Times; July 6, 2020.
140 VPRO Tegenlicht: Virus van morgen; 22 maart 2020. https://dub.link/ke0uZJ6; 01:56
141 Fever: The Hunt for Covid’s Origin. Part 8: An Answer; 23 May 2023.
142 Jesse Bloom on Twitter; March 31, 2022. https://dub.link/MZFfutf
143 NYC Epicenters 9/11 -> 2021 1/2 Spike Lee – Episode 1 – Ian Lipkin; 0:30
144 Deslandes A, Berti V, Tandjaoui-Lambotte Y, et al. SARS-CoV-2 was already spreading in France in late December 2019. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;55(6):106006. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106006.
145 Coronavirus: France’s first known case ‘was in December’. BBC News, 5 May 2020.
146 Bernard Stoecklin S, Rolland P, Silue Y, et al. First cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in France: surveillance, investigations and control measures, January 2020. Euro Surveill. 2020;25(6):2000094. doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.6.2000094.
147 Canuti M, Bianchi S, Kolbl O, et al. Waiting for the truth: is reluctance in accepting an early origin hypothesis for SARS-CoV-2 delaying our understanding of viral emergence? BMJ Glob Health. 2022;7(3):e008386. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2021-008386.
148 Amendola A, Bianchi S, Gori M, et al. Evidence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in an Oropharyngeal Swab Specimen, Milan, Italy, Early December 2019. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(2):648-650. doi:10.3201/eid2702.204632.
149 Gianotti R, Barberis M, Fellegara G, Galván-Casas C, Gianotti E. COVID-19-related dermatosis in November 2019: could this case be Italy’s patient zero? Br J Dermatol. 2021;184(5):970-971. doi:10.1111/bjd.19804.
150 Lai A, Tambuzzi S, Bergna A, et al. Evidence of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies and RNA on Autopsy Cases in the Pre-Pandemic Period in Milan (Italy). Front Microbiol. 2022;13:886317. Published 2022 Jun 15. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.886317.
151 Amendola A, Canuti M, Bianchi S, et al. Molecular evidence for SARS-CoV-2 in samples collected from patients with morbilliform eruptions since late 2019 in Lombardy, northern Italy. Environ Res. 2022;215(Pt 1):113979. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2022.113979.
152 Ong DSY, Fragkou PC, Schweitzer VA, et al. How to interpret and use COVID-19 serology and immunology tests. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2021;27(7):981-986. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2021.05.001.
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154 Montomoli E, Apolone G, Manenti A, et al. Timeline of SARS-CoV-2 Spread in Italy: Results from an Independent Serological Retesting. Viruses. 2021;14(1):61. Published 2021 Dec 30. doi:10.3390/v14010061.
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156 ‘Neutraliserend’ wil zeggen dat de antistoffen in staat zijn om het virus onschadelijk te maken.
157 La Rosa G, Mancini P, Bonanno Ferraro G, et al. SARS-CoV-2 has been circulating in northern Italy since December 2019: Evidence from environmental monitoring. Sci Total Environ. 2021;750:141711. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141711.
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160 Li R, Pei S, Chen B, et al. Substantial undocumented infection facilitates the rapid dissemination of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Science. 2020;368(6490):489-493. doi:10.1126/science.abb3221.
161 Canuti M, Bianchi S, Kolbl O, et al. Waiting for the truth: is reluctance in accepting an early origin hypothesis for SARS-CoV-2 delaying our understanding of viral emergence? BMJ Glob Health. 2022;7(3):e008386. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2021-008386.
162 Singh S, McNab C, Olson RM, et al. How an outbreak became a pandemic: a chronological analysis of crucial junctures and international obligations in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet. 2021;398(10316):2109-2124. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01897-3.
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165 Stadler K, Masignani V, Eickmann M, et al. SARS–beginning to understand a new virus. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2003;1(3):209-218. doi:10.1038/nrmicro775.
166 Why wet markets will never close – despite the global threat to human health. The Telegraph, 6 March 2023.
167 Lin B, Dietrich ML, Senior RA, Wilcove DS. A better classification of wet markets is key to safeguarding human health and biodiversity. Lancet Planet Health. 2021;5(6):e386-e394. doi:10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00112-1.
168 Aguirre AA, Catherina R, Frye H, Shelley L. Illicit Wildlife Trade, Wet Markets, and COVID-19: Preventing Future Pandemics. World Med Health Policy. 2020;12(3):256-265. doi:10.1002/wmh3.348.
169 Guan Y, Zheng BJ, He YQ, et al. Isolation and characterization of viruses related to the SARS coronavirus from animals in southern China. Science. 2003;302(5643):276-278. doi:10.1126/science.1087139.
170 Luk HKH, Li X, Fung J, Lau SKP, Woo PCY. Molecular epidemiology, evolution and phylogeny of SARS coronavirus. Infect Genet Evol. 2019;71:21-30. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2019.03.001.
171 Mackay IM, Arden KE. MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission. Virol J. 2015;12:222. Published 2015 Dec 22. doi:10.1186/s12985-015-0439-5.
172 Bermingham A, Chand MA, Brown CS, et al. Severe respiratory illness caused by a novel coronavirus, in a patient transferred to the United Kingdom from the Middle East, September 2012. Euro Surveill. 2012;17(40):20290. Published 2012 Oct 4.
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175 MERS Situation Update; December 2022, WHO. https://dub.link/DntZr38
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177 Azhar EI, El-Kafrawy SA, Farraj SA, et al. Evidence for camel-to-human transmission of MERS coronavirus. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(26):2499-2505. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1401505.
178 Dighe A, Jombart T, Van Kerkhove MD, Ferguson N. A systematic review of MERS-CoV seroprevalence and RNA prevalence in dromedary camels: Implications for animal vaccination. Epidemics. 2019;29:100350. doi:10.1016/j.epidem.2019.100350.
179 Cui J, Li F, Shi ZL. Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2019;17(3):181-192. doi:10.1038/s41579-018-0118-9.
180 Peiris M, Perlman S. Unresolved questions in the zoonotic transmission of MERS. Curr Opin Virol. 2022;52:258-264. doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2021.12.013.
181 Memish ZA, Perlman S, Van Kerkhove MD, Zumla A. Middle East respiratory syndrome. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1063-1077. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)33221-0.
182 Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin [published correction appears in Nature. 2020 Dec;588(7836):E6]. Nature. 2020;579(7798):270-273. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7.
183 The Engineer on Twitter; June 12, 2023. https://dub.link/lDdBw2K
184 How China’s ‘Bat Woman’ Hunted Down Viruses from SARS to the New Coronavirus. Scientific American; June 1, 2020.
185 Meet the scientist at the center of the covid lab leak controversy. MIT Technology Review; February 9, 2022.
186 Li W, Shi Z, Yu M, et al. Bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses. Science. 2005;310(5748):676-679. doi:10.1126/science.1118391.
187 Isoleren wil zeggen dat het lukt om cellen te infecteren met intact virus en het virus zich in deze cellen te laten vermeerderen.
188 Ge XY, Li JL, Yang XL, et al. Isolation and characterization of a bat SARS-like coronavirus that uses the ACE2 receptor. Nature. 2013;503(7477):535-538. doi:10.1038/nature12711.
189 Wang LF, Shi Z, Zhang S, Field H, Daszak P, Eaton BT. Review of bats and SARS. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12(12):1834-1840. doi:10.3201/eid1212.060401.
190 Hu B, Ge X, Wang LF, Shi Z. Bat origin of human coronaviruses. Virol J. 2015;12:221. Published 2015 Dec 22. doi:10.1186/s12985-015-0422-1.
191 Fever: The Hunt for Covid’s Origin. Part 1: Batshit; 23 May 2023.
192 Meet the scientist at the center of the covid lab leak controversy. MIT Technology Review; February 9, 2022.
193 RdRp staat voor ‘RNA-dependent RNA polymerase’. Dit is het kopieermachientje van het virus, dat ervoor zorgt dat het RNA van het virus gekopieerd kan worden bij het vermeerderen van het virus.
194 Het genoom is de aanduiding voor het geheel aan genetisch materiaal waarover een organisme beschikt. Het genoom van coronavirussen bestaat uit iets minder dan 30.000 nucleotiden – de bouwsteentjes van RNA. Ter vergelijking: het menselijk genoom heeft ongeveer drie miljard nucleotiden. Het gen is een stukje van het genoom dat de code vormt voor een bepaald eiwit met een specifieke functie. Het genoom bestaat dus uit meerdere genen.
195 Whittaker GR. SARS-CoV-2 spike and its adaptable furin cleavage site. Lancet Microbe. 2021;2(10):e488-e489. doi:10.1016/S2666-5247(21)00174-9
196 Jackson, C.B., Farzan, M., Chen, B. et al. Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 23, 3–20 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-021-00418-x
197 Bestle D, Heindl MR, Limburg H, et al. TMPRSS2 and furin are both essential for proteolytic activation of SARS-CoV-2 in human airway cells. Life Sci Alliance. 2020;3(9):e202000786. Published 2020 Jul 23. doi:10.26508/lsa.202000786
198 Zhang L, Jackson CB, Mou H, Ojha A, Rangarajan ES, Izard T, Farzan M, Choe H. The D614G mutation in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein reduces S1 shedding and increases infectivity. bioRxiv [Preprint]. 2020 Jun 12:2020.06.12.148726. doi: 10.1101/2020.06.12.148726. Update in: Nat Commun. 2020 Nov 26;11(1):6013. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-19808-4. PMID: 32587973; PMCID: PMC7310631.
199 Jackson CB, Farzan M, Chen B, Choe H. Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2022;23(1):3-20. doi:10.1038/s41580-021-00418-x
200 Volz E, Hill V, McCrone JT, Price A, Jorgensen D, O’Toole Á, Southgate J, Johnson R, Jackson B, Nascimento FF, Rey SM, Nicholls SM, Colquhoun RM, da Silva Filipe A, Shepherd J, Pascall DJ, Shah R, Jesudason N, Li K, Jarrett R, Pacchiarini N, Bull M, Geidelberg L, Siveroni I; COG-UK Consortium; Goodfellow I, Loman NJ, Pybus OG, Robertson DL, Thomson EC, Rambaut A, Connor TR. Evaluating the Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Mutation D614G on Transmissibility and Pathogenicity. Cell. 2021 Jan 7;184(1):64-75.e11. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.020. Epub 2020 Nov 19. PMID: 33275900; PMCID: PMC7674007.
201 Zhang L, Jackson CB, Mou H, et al. SARS-CoV-2 spike-protein D614G mutation increases virion spike density and infectivity. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):6013. Published 2020 Nov 26. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19808-4
202 Guo C, Tsai SJ, Ai Y, et al. The D614G mutation redirects SARS-CoV-2 spike to lysosomes and suppresses deleterious traits of the furin cleavage site insertion mutation. Sci Adv. 2022;8(51):eade5085. doi:10.1126/sciadv.ade5085
203 Jackson CB, Farzan M, Chen B, Choe H. Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2022;23(1):3-20. doi:10.1038/s41580-021-00418-x
204 Johnson BA, Xie X, Bailey AL, et al. Loss of furin cleavage site attenuates SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. Nature. 2021;591(7849):293-299. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03237-4
205 Peacock TP, Goldhill DH, Zhou J, et al. The furin cleavage site in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is required for transmission in ferrets. Nat Microbiol. 2021;6(7):899-909. doi:10.1038/s41564-021-00908-w
206 Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Pöhlmann S. A Multibasic Cleavage Site in the Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Is Essential for Infection of Human Lung Cells. Mol Cell. 2020;78(4):779-784.e5. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2020.04.022.
207 Wu Y, Zhao S. Furin cleavage sites naturally occur in coronaviruses [published online ahead of print, 2020 Dec 9]. Stem Cell Res. 2020;50:102115. doi:10.1016/j.scr.2020.102115
208 Kleine-Weber H, Elzayat MT, Hoffmann M, Pöhlmann S. Functional analysis of potential cleavage sites in the MERS-coronavirus spike protein. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):16597. Published 2018 Nov 9. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-34859-w
209 Chan YA, Zhan SH. The Emergence of the Spike Furin Cleavage Site in SARS-CoV-2. Mol Biol Evol. 2022;39(1):msab327. doi:10.1093/molbev/msab327.
210 Coutard B, Valle C, de Lamballerie X, Canard B, Seidah NG, Decroly E. The spike glycoprotein of the new coronavirus 2019-nCoV contains a furin-like cleavage site absent in CoV of the same clade. Antiviral Res. 2020;176:104742. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104742.
211 Li X, Duan G, Zhang W, Shi J, Chen J, Chen S, Gao S, Ruan J.. 2020. A furin cleavage site was discovered in the S protein of the 2019 novel coronavirus. 18:7. Chin J Bioinformatics. 18:103–108.
212 Chan YA, Zhan SH. The Emergence of the Spike Furin Cleavage Site in SARS-CoV-2. Mol Biol Evol. 2022;39(1):msab327. doi:10.1093/molbev/msab327.
213 ‘Lab-Made? SARS-CoV-2 Genealogy Through the Lens of Gain-of-Function Research. Yuri Deigin; April 22, 2020.
214 LinkedIn-profiel Yuri Deigin: https://dub.link/1gtB2XW
215 UNC School of Medicine – Microbiology and Immunology; Ralph Baric, PhD. https://dub.link/3KomTjj
216 Segreto R, Deigin Y. The genetic structure of SARS-CoV-2 does not rule out a laboratory origin: SARS-COV-2 chimeric structure and furin cleavage site might be the result of genetic manipulation. Bioessays. 2021;43(3):e2000240. doi:10.1002/bies.202000240
217 Hou W. Characterization of codon usage pattern in SARS-CoV-2. Virol J. 2020;17(1):138. Published 2020 Sep 14. doi:10.1186/s12985-020-01395-x
218 Romeu AR, Ollé E. The SARS-CoV-2 arginine dimers. Research Square; 2021. DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-770380/v1.
219 Quay, Steven Carl. (2021). A Bayesian analysis concludes beyond a reasonable doubt that SARS-CoV-2 is not a natural zoonosis but instead is laboratory derived (Version 3). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4642956
220 The Debate over Origins of SARS-CoV-2. The Caltech Weekly; June 22, 2021.
221 Kristian Andersen. Professor and Director of Infectious Disease Genomics, Translational Research Institute – Department of Immunology and Microbiology. https://dub.link/f84c5gF
222 Kristian Andersen on Twitter; May 9, 2021. https://dub.link/4PCa1ej
223 Kuo L, Godeke GJ, Raamsman MJ, Masters PS, Rottier PJ. Retargeting of coronavirus by substitution of the spike glycoprotein ectodomain: crossing the host cell species barrier. J Virol. 2000;74(3):1393-1406. doi:10.1128/jvi.74.3.1393-1406.2000
224 Plasmiden zijn cirkelvormige stukjes DNA die veel in bacteriën voorkomen. Het is eenvoudig om een knip te zetten in het DNA van deze plasmiden en vervolgens een stukje copy-DNA in te voegen. Vervolgens zorgt de bacterie ervoor dat dit stukje copy-DNA vermeerderd wordt. Daarna kan men het stukje DNA dat men wilde hebben op de juiste lengte afknippen en desgewenst ‘plakken’ aan andere stukjes DNA die men vermeerderd heeft.
225 Vaak wordt hiervoor de term ‘levend virus’ gebruikt. Maar virussen worden niet gerekend tot de levende organismen, omdat ze zich niet kunnen vermeerderen buiten cellen (van een gastheer). Bacteriën kunnen dat wel. Daarom wordt de grens van levende organismen bij bacteriën gelegd. Daarom spreek ik niet over ‘levende virussen’, maar over ‘functionele’ virussen, omdat ze in staat zijn te doen wat ze geacht worden te kunnen doen: zich vermeerderen in cellen of in proefdieren.
226 Yount B, Denison MR, Weiss SR, Baric RS. Systematic assembly of a full-length infectious cDNA of mouse hepatitis virus strain A59. Journal of Virology. 2002 Nov;76(21):11065-11078. DOI:10.1128/jvi.76.21.11065-11078.2002. PMID: 12368349; PMCID: PMC136593.
227 Yount B, Curtis KM, Fritz EA, et al. Reverse genetics with a full-length infectious cDNA of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100(22):12995-13000. doi:10.1073/pnas.1735582100
228 Almazán F, DeDiego ML, Sola I, et al. Engineering a replication-competent, propagation-defective Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus as a vaccine candidate. mBio. 2013;4(5):e00650-13. Published 2013 Sep 10. doi:10.1128/mBio.00650-14
229 Thi Nhu Thao, T., Labroussaa, F., Ebert, N. et al. Rapid reconstruction of SARS-CoV-2 using a synthetic genomics platform. Nature 582, 561–565 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2294-9
230 Ren W, Qu X, Li W, et al. Difference in receptor usage between severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus and SARS-like coronavirus of bat origin. J Virol. 2008;82(4):1899-1907. doi:10.1128/JVI.01085-07
231 Becker MM, Graham RL, Donaldson EF, et al. Synthetic recombinant bat SARS-like coronavirus is infectious in cultured cells and in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105(50):19944-19949. doi:10.1073/pnas.0808116105
232 Ge XY, Li JL, Yang XL, et al. Isolation and characterization of a bat SARS-like coronavirus that uses the ACE2 receptor. Nature. 2013;503(7477):535-538. doi:10.1038/nature12711
233 Menachery, V., Yount, B., Debbink, K. et al. A SARS-like cluster of circulating bat coronaviruses shows potential for human emergence. Nat Med 21, 1508–1513 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.3985
234 The Controversial Experiments and Wuhan Lab Suspected of Starting the Coronavirus Pandemic. Newsweek; April 27, 2020.
235 https://dub.link/ePvf9ao; page 796.
236 Reilley B, Van Herp M, Sermand D, Dentico N. SARS and Carlo Urbani. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(20):1951-1952. doi:10.1056/NEJMp030080
237 Roberts A, Deming D, Paddock CD, et al. A mouse-adapted SARS-coronavirus causes disease and mortality in BALB/c mice. PLoS Pathog. 2007;3(1):e5. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.0030005
238 Yang XL, Hu B, Wang B, et al. Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Bat Coronavirus Closely Related to the Direct Progenitor of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. J Virol. 2015;90(6):3253-3256. Published 2015 Dec 30. doi:10.1128/JVI.02582-15
239 Hu B, Zeng LP, Yang XL, et al. Discovery of a rich gene pool of bat SARS-related coronaviruses provides new insights into the origin of SARS coronavirus. PLoS Pathog. 2017;13(11):e1006698. Published 2017 Nov 30. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1006698
240 SARS-CoV-2 is well adapted for humans. What does this mean for re-emergence? Shing Hei Zhan, Benjamin E. Deverman, Yujia Alina Chan. bioRxiv 2020.05.01.073262; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.01.073262
241 President Trump calls coronavirus ‘kung flu’. BBC News; 24 juni 2020.
242 They called it a conspiracy theory. But Alina Chan tweeted life into the idea that the virus came from a lab. MIT Technology Review; June 25, 2021.
243 Could COVID-19 Have Escaped from a Lab? Boston Magazine. September 9, 2020.
244 Alina Chan on Twitter; May 3, 2020. https://dub.link/KWxBzHu
245 They called it a conspiracy theory. But Alina Chan tweeted life into the idea that the virus came from a lab. MIT Technology Review; June 25, 2021.
246 ‘Coronavirus did NOT come from animals in Wuhan market’: Landmark study suggests it was taken into the area by someone already infected – as Beijing thwarts efforts to establish source of COVID-19. Mail on Sunday, 16 May 2020.
247 Scientists Shouldn’t Rule Out Lab As Source of Coronavirus, New Study Says. Newsweek World; May 17th 2020.
248 Jonathan Eisen on Twitter; May 17, 2020. https://dub.link/1EOleil
249 Could COVID-19 Have Escaped from a Lab? Boston City Life; September 9, 2020.
250 Welkers MRA, Han AX, Reusken CBEM, Eggink D. Possible host-adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 due to improved ACE2 receptor binding in mink. Virus Evol. 2021;7(1):veaa094. Published 2021 Jan 4. doi:10.1093/ve/veaa094.
251 Jonathan Eisen on Twitter; May 19, 2020. https://dub.link/pwARyGy
252 Prophet in Purgatory. Science News; 17 November 2021.
253 Ge XY, Li JL, Yang XL, et al. Isolation and characterization of a bat SARS-like coronavirus that uses the ACE2 receptor. Nature. 2013;503(7477):535-538. doi:10.1038/nature12711
254 User Clip: U.S. 2015 Grant to Wuhan Lab Question. C-Span; April 17, 2020. https://dub.link/MymnMHv
255 4/17/20: Members of the Coronavirus Task Force Hold a Press Briefing. https://dub.link/ybEsVCT
256 REVEALED: U.S. government gave $3.7million grant to Wuhan lab at center of coronavirus leak scrutiny that was performing experiments on bats from the caves where the disease is believed to have originated. Mail Online, 12 April 2020.
257 Prophet in Purgatory. Science News; 17 November 2021.
258 Peter Daszak on Twitter; May 18, 2020. https://dub.link/Gsy69ZO
259 Shang J, Ye G, Shi K, Wan Y, Luo C, Aihara H, Geng Q, Auerbach A, Li F. Structural basis of receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2. Nature. 2020 May;581(7807):221-224. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2179-y. Epub 2020 Mar 30. PMID: 32225175; PMCID: PMC7328981.
260 Alina Chan on Twitter; May 18, 2020. https://dub.link/qc451i1
261 George Jackson on Twitter; https://dub.link/V6U1xqP
262 Peter Daszak on Twitter; May 18, 2020. https://dub.link/eUjFRTc
263 Caught in the Crossfire Over Covid’s Origins. The New York Times; August 24, 2021.
264 They called it a conspiracy theory. But Alina Chan tweeted life into the idea that the virus came from a lab. MIT Technology Review; June 25, 2021.
265 Caught in the Crossfire Over Covid’s Origins. The New York Times; August 24, 2021.
266 Andersen, K.G., Rambaut, A., Lipkin, W.I. et al. The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nat Med 26, 450–452 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9
267 Spike – The Virus vs. The People: The Inside Story. Jeremy Farrar & Anjana Ahuja; Profile Books LtD, London 2021, page 49.
268 Lab Leak: A Scientific Debate Mired in Politics – and Unresolved. Undark, 17 March 2020.
269 Nikolai Petrovsky on LinkedIn. https://dub.link/afIRh3J
270 In silico comparison of spike-protein-ACE2 binding affinities across species; significance for the possible origin of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Sakshi Piplani, Puneet Kumar Singh, David A. Winkler, Nikolai Petrovsky. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2005.06199
271 What really happened in Wuhan. Sharri Markson. Harper Collins; September 28, 2021.
272 Piplani S, Singh PK, Winkler DA, Petrovsky N. In silico comparison of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-ACE2 binding affinities across species and implications for virus origin [published correction appears in Sci Rep. 2021 Sep 14;11(1):18610]. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):13063. Published 2021 Jun 24. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-92388-5
273 Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin [published correction appears in Nature. 2020 Dec;588(7836):E6]. Nature. 2020;579(7798):270-273. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7
274 Wilkinson DA, Joffrin L, Lebarbenchon C, Mavingui P. Analysis of partial sequences of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene as a tool for genus and subgenus classification of coronaviruses. J Gen Virol. 2020;101(12):1261-1269. doi:10.1099/jgv.0.001494
275 Pangolins and the origin of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Virology blog; Vincent Racaniello, 20 February 2020. https://dub.link/n780tor
276 Het ging niet om het complete RdRp-gen, maar om 370 nucleotiden van in totaal 440 nucleotiden.
277 Rhinolophus bat coronavirus BtCoV/4991 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene, partial cds: https://dub.link/uBoVlsR
278 Ge XY, Wang N, Zhang W, et al. Coexistence of multiple coronaviruses in several bat colonies in an abandoned mineshaft. Virol Sin. 2016;31(1):31-40. doi:10.1007/s12250-016-3713-9
279 Bat coronavirus RaTG13, complete genome: https://dub.link/NKHp45P
280 Een preprint is een artikel dat alvast online wordt geplaatst, in afwachting van een formele beoordeling door geselecteerde collega-wetenschappers: de inmiddels beruchte ‘peer-review’. Over (het volstrekt falen van) dit peer-reviewsysteem kom ik later nog te spreken. Belangrijk is dat het beschikbaar stellen van preprints tijdens de coronacrisis een grote vlucht nam, omdat daarmee wetenschappelijke resultaten heel snel beschikbaar kwamen, en andere onderzoekers die onmiddellijk konden controleren en er hun voordeel mee konden doen.
281 Chen L, Liu W, Zhang Q, et al. RNA based mNGS approach identifies a novel human coronavirus from two individual pneumonia cases in 2019 Wuhan outbreak. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020;9(1):313-319. Published 2020 Feb 5. doi:10.1080/22221751.2020.1725399
282 Dit is een procedure waarmee met behulp van een bronchoscoop een klein beetje vloeistof in de longblaasjes gespoten wordt, om het daarna weer op te zuigen. Vervolgens kan deze vloeistof onderzocht worden op ziekteverwekkers zoals SARS-CoV-2. Het is de gangbare procedure bij een longontsteking met een onbekende verwekker.
283 Billy Bostickson on Twitter; April 24, 2020. https://dub.link/dWDmHvl
284 António Duarte on Twitter; May 11, 2020. https://dub.link/SFX5p4X
285 The Seeker on Twitter; May 29, 2020. https://dub.link/fAOGe2M
286 Francisco A. de Ribera on Twitter; June 3, 2020. https://dub.link/FPqBMkc
287 Rage University – Radical Activist Global Education. https://dub.link/REuFSXm
288 Viral. The Search for the Origin of Covid-19. Alina Chan & Matt Ridley. Harper 16 November 2021.
289 Rutgers School of Arts and Sciences: Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Faculty, Richard Ebright. https://dub.link/TvkpbU3
290 U.S. Lifts Moratorium on Funding Controversial, High-Risk Virus Research. Scientific American; December 19, 2017.
291 Butler, D. Engineered bat virus stirs debate over risky research. Nature (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature.2015.18787
292 Bengston, D. (2020, April 21). All journal articles evaluating the origin or epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 that utilize the RaTG13 bat strain genomics are potentially flawed and should be retracted. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/wy89d
293 Bat coronavirus RaTG13 BtCoV/4991. https://dub.link/pkN2HuF
294 D3R R3N3 on Twitter; May 9, 2020. https://dub.link/TvwMRzz
295 Peter Daszak on Twitter; May 9, 2020. https://dub.link/l82arhn
296 Bats, snakes or pangolins? Inside the hunt for the animal behind the coronavirus outbreak. Wired UK; Science, 16 February 2020.
297 Revealed: Seven-year coronavirus trail from mine deaths to a Wuhan lab. The Times; July 4 2020.
298 Committee on Oversight and Accountability, Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Pandemic, US House of Representatives, Washington, D.C. Interview of: Peter Daszak; November 14, 2023; page 178.
299 The Online detectives sowing doubts about the origins of the pandemic. El Pais; Science & Tech, June 18, 2021.
300 Rahalkar, M.; Bahulikar, R. The Anomalous Nature of the Fecal Swab Data, Receptor Binding Domain and Other Questions in RaTG13 Genome. Preprints.org 2020, 2020080205. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202008.0205.v3.
301 NotoriousFIL on Twitter; September 13, 2020. https://dub.link/OIDNxPQ
303 Francisco A. de Ribera on Twitter; June 19, 2020. https://dub.link/8O68ASB
304 Alina Chan on Twitter; September 13, 2020 https://dub.link/5nDJ06a
305 Viral. The Search for the Origin of Covid-19. Alina Chan & Matt Ridley. Harper 16 November 2021. Page 230.
306 Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin [published correction appears in Nature. 2020 Dec;588(7836):E6]. Nature. 2020;579(7798):270-273. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7
307 Cohen J. Wuhan coronavirus hunter Shi Zhengli speaks out. Science. 2020;369(6503): 487-488. doi:10.1126/science.369.6503.487
308 Reply to Science Magazine. https://dub.link/0NL3IqL
309 Wang N, Li SY, Yang XL, Huang HM, Zhang YJ, Guo H, Luo CM, Miller M, Zhu G, Chmura AA, Hagan E, Zhou JH, Zhang YZ, Wang LF, Daszak P, Shi ZL. Serological Evidence of Bat SARS-Related Coronavirus Infection in Humans, China. Virol Sin. 2018 Feb;33(1):104-107. doi:10.1007/s12250-018-0012-7. Epub 2018 Mar 2. PMID: 29500691; PMCID: PMC6178078.
310 Andersen, K.G., Rambaut, A., Lipkin, W.I. et al. The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nat Med 26, 450–452 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9
311 Ge XY, Wang N, Zhang W, et al. Coexistence of multiple coronaviruses in several bat colonies in an abandoned mineshaft. Virol Sin. 2016;31(1):31-40. doi:10.1007/s12250-016-3713-9.
312 Wu Z, Yang L, Yang F, et al. Novel Henipa-like Virus, Mojiang Paramyxovirus, in Rats, China, 2012. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2014;20(6):1064-1066. doi:10.3201/eid2006.131022.
313 World Health Organization. Nipah virus – Key facts; 30 May 2018. https://dub.link/l0C9Av3
314 Ang BSP, Lim TCC, Wang L. Nipah Virus Infection. J Clin Microbiol. 2018;56(6):e01875-17. Published 2018 May 25. doi:10.1128/JCM.01875-17
315 Mahalingam S, Herrero LJ, Playford EG, et al. Hendra virus: an emerging paramyxovirus in Australia. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012;12(10):799-807. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70158-5
316 The origin of SARS-CoV-2 is a riddle: meet the Twitter detectives who aim to solve it. Blog Moreno Colaiacovo; December 3, 2020.
317 A New Killer Virus in China? Novel pathogen found in cave may solve medical mystery. Science News; Asia/Pacific, 20 March 2014. doi: 10.1126/article.23370
318 Luigi Warren on Twitter; May 11, 2020. https://dub.link/GUplCUA
319 How China’s ‘Bat Woman’ Hunted Down Viruses from SARS to the New Coronavirus. Scientific American; June 1. 2020.
320 Exclusive: How Amateur Sleuths Broke the Wuhan Lab Story and Embarrassed the Media. Newsweek Magazine, 6 June 2021.
321 Naar het Engels vertaalde versie. https://dub.link/nUMscah
322 The Seeker on Twitter; May 18, 2020. https://dub.link/ydjm2tb
323 Exclusive: How Amateur Sleuths Broke the Wuhan Lab Story and Embarrassed the Media. Newsweek Magazine, 6 June 2021.
324 Naar het Engels vertaalde versie: Chapter Three – Preliminary Investigation of the Pathogeny of Unexplained Severe Pneumonia in Abandoned Mine of Mojiang Hani Autonomous County, Yunnan Province. https://dub.link/7fKr5MW
325 Originele Chinese versie. https://dub.link/WSSSYJU
326 Originele Chinese versie. https://dub.link/MJEcB7w
327 Did Coronavirus Come from the Bat Guano Trade? Voice of America; May 11, 2020.
328 Sarcoïdose is een zogenaamde ‘granulomateuze ziekte’ en kan als twee druppels water op tuberculose lijken op een CT-scan van de longen.
329 Het gebied in de borstholte tussen beide longen.
330 Cheng MH. Zhong Nan-Shan: leader of clinical research in China. Lancet. 2008 Dec 20;372(9656):2108. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61914-5. PMID: 19101377; PMCID: PMC7137818.
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332 Acinetobacter in Healthcare Settings. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Healthcare-Associated Infections. https://dub.link/Kpf6j62
333 Het gedeelte in de borstholte tussen beide longen.
334 Gangneux JP, Dannaoui E, Fekkar A, et al. Fungal infections in mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19 during the first wave: the French multicentre MYCOVID study. Lancet Respir Med. 2022;10(2):180-190. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00442-2
335 Oliveira M, Oliveira D, Lisboa C, Boechat JL, Delgado L. Clinical Manifestations of Human Exposure to Fungi. J Fungi (Basel). 2023;9(3):381. Published 2023 Mar 21. doi:10.3390/jof9030381
336 Barros N, Wheat JL, Hage C. Pulmonary Histoplasmosis: A Clinical Update. J Fungi (Basel). 2023;9(2):236. Published 2023 Feb 10. doi:10.3390/jof9020236
337 WIV, EcoHealth, the Mojiang ‘miners’ cases and a bat sampling trip in April 2012. Gilles Demaneuf; September 25, 2020.
338 Dou YH, Du JK, Liu HL, Shong XD. The role of procalcitonin in the identification of invasive fungal infection-a systemic review and meta-analysis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2013;76(4):464-469. doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.04.023
339 Li W, Shi Z, Yu M, et al. Bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses. Science. 2005;310(5748):676-679. doi:10.1126/science.1118391
340 Watts G. George F Gao: head of China CDC signals a more global outlook [published correction appears in Lancet. 2018 Aug 11;392(10146):476]. Lancet. 2018;392(10144):274. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31658-1
341 Xu RH, He JF, Evans MR, et al. Epidemiologic clues to SARS origin in China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(6):1030-1037. doi:10.3201/eid1006.030852
342 Wang M, Yan M, Xu H, et al. SARS-CoV infection in a restaurant from palm civet. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11(12):1860-1865. doi:10.3201/eid1112.041293
343 Mahalingam S, Herrero LJ, Playford EG, et al. Hendra virus: an emerging paramyxovirus in Australia. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012;12(10):799-807. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70158-5
344 UC Davis; One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine: PREDICT. https://dub.link/nWazk6o
345 Wacharapluesadee S, Sintunawa C, Kaewpom T, et al. Group C betacoronavirus in bat guano fertilizer, Thailand. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(8):1349-1351. doi:10.3201/eid1908.130119
346 USAID PREDICT – Emerging Disease Insight. Simulating Outbreak Scenarios: Novel Bat Coronavirus from Guano Harvest. (Helaas vermeldt het document geen datum). https://dub.link/fpYWw8K
347 Rahalkar, M.C.; Bahulikar, R.A. Understanding the Origin of ‘BatCoVRaTG13’, a Virus Closest to SARS-CoV-2. Preprints.org 2020, 2020050322.
348 How an Indian scientist couple worked to trace origin, course of COVID-19. The Week Magazine; June 13, 2021.
349 Rahalkar MC, Bahulikar RA. Lethal Pneumonia Cases in Mojiang Miners (2012) and the Mineshaft Could Provide Important Clues to the Origin of SARS-CoV-2. Front Public Health. 2020;8:581569. Published 2020 Oct 20. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.581569
350 Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, et al. Addendum: A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020;588(7836):E6. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2951-z
351 Een epitoop is een bepaald deel van het virus waartegen antistoffen kunnen worden opgewekt. Elk epitoop wekt zijn eigen specifieke antilichamen op. De sensitiviteit en de specificiteit van antistoftesten kunnen (sterk) van elkaar verschillen.
352 Frutos R, Javelle E, Barberot C, Gavotte L, Tissot-Dupont H, Devaux CA. Origin of COVID-19: Dismissing the Mojiang mine theory and the laboratory accident narrative. Environ Res. 2022;204(Pt B):112141. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.112141
353 Rahalkar MC, Bahulikar RA. Lethal Pneumonia Cases in Mojiang Miners (2012) and the Mineshaft Could Provide Important Clues to the Origin of SARS-CoV-2. Front Public Health. 2020;8:581569. Published 2020 Oct 20. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.581569
354 Segreto R, Deigin Y. The genetic structure of SARS-CoV-2 does not rule out a laboratory origin: SARS-COV-2 chimeric structure and furin cleavage site might be the result of genetic manipulation. Bioessays. 2021;43(3):e2000240. doi:10.1002/bies.202000240
355 Sirotkin K, Sirotkin D. Might SARS-CoV-2 Have Arisen via Serial Passage through an Animal Host or Cell Culture?: A potential explanation for much of the novel coronavirus’ distinctive genome. Bioessays. 2020 Oct;42(10):e2000091. doi:10.1002/bies.202000091. Epub 2020 Aug 12. PMID: 32786014; PMCID: PMC7435492.
356 Arts L, Lim EHT, van de Ven PM, Heunks L, Tuinman PR. The diagnostic accuracy of lung auscultation in adult patients with acute pulmonary pathologies: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2020 Apr 30;10(1):7347. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-64405-6. PMID: 32355210; PMCID: PMC7192898.
357 Satija B, Kumar S, Ojha UC, Gothi D. Spectrum of high-resolution computed tomography imaging in occupational lung disease. Indian J Radiol Imaging. 2013 Oct;23(4):287-96. doi:10.4103/0971-3026.125564. PMID: 24604929; PMCID: PMC3932567.
358 Om het geheugen even op te frissen: amplicons zijn stukjes RNA die specifiek vermeerderd worden om de ontbrekende stukjes van een genoom in te vullen die na de eerste analyse overblijven.
359 Francisco A. de Ribera on Twitter; July 10, 2020. https://dub.link/mj617V3
360 Amplicon_sequences of RaTG13 (SRR11806578). https://dub.link/kUHD6M4
361 Francisco A. de Ribera on Twitter; August 14, 2020. https://dub.link/ecwtDss
362 Latinne, A., Hu, B., Olival, K.J. et al. Origin and cross-species transmission of bat coronaviruses in China. Nat Commun 11, 4235 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17687-3
364 https://dub.link/Bi1DywJ; page 4.
365 Francisco A. de Ribera on Twitter; October 12, 2021. https://dub.link/Oy5FcuZ
366 Francisco A. de Ribera on Twitter; October 12, 2021. https://dub.link/4Z60M8K
367 Francisco A. de Ribera on Twitter; October 13, 2021. https://dub.link/n1WBCYW
368 Francisco A. de Ribera on Twitter; October 13, 2021. https://dub.link/2ORJIcr
369 Francisco A. de Ribera on Twitter; February 22, 2021. https://dub.link/CQUG4Yz
370 Francisco A. de Ribera on Twitter; February 23, 2021. https://dub.link/relc8uO
371 Francisco A. de Ribera on Twitter; June 15, 2020. https://dub.link/iL9fmNs
372 Francisco A. de Ribera on Twitter; August 12, 2020. https://dub.link/WZgMsoD
373 Rhinolophus bat coronavirus HKU2 isolate 7896 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene, partial cds. https://dub.link/dBooqnR
374 Bat betacoronavirus isolate 7896 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene, partial cds. https://dub.link/3rsHTJJ
375 Francisco A. de Ribera on Twitter; September 24, 2020. https://dub.link/RgqMXjx
376 Exclusive: How Amateur Sleuths Broke the Wuhan Lab Story and Embarrassed the Media. Newsweek Magazine, 6 June 2021.
377 Viral. The Search for the Origin of Covid-19. Alina Chan & Matt Ridley. Harper 16 November 2021; Chapter 10.
378 Francisco A. de Ribera on Twitter; May 24, 2020. https://dub.link/ra43Etu
379 Francisco A. de Ribera on Twitter; May 24, 2020. https://dub.link/LcPsCVO
380 Francisco A. de Ribera on Twitter; May 25, 2020. https://dub.link/B3ByMVS
381 Francisco A. de Ribera on Twitter; May 26, 2020. https://dub.link/hVRAB3L
382 Mei-Niang Wang, Wei Zhang, Yu-Tao Gao, Ben Hu, Xing-Yi Ge, Xing-Lou Yang, Yun-Zhi Zhang, Zheng-Li Shi. Longitudinal surveillance of SARS-like coronaviruses in bats by quantitative real-time PCR.VIROLOGICA SINICA, 2016, 31(1) : 78-80 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12250-015-3703-3
383 Babar on Twitter; June 8, 2020. https://dub.link/93rZd8F
384 Babar on Twitter; June 9, 2020. https://dub.link/2CJm15q
385 Babar on Twitter; June 9, 2020. https://dub.link/iaCiK4S
386 Francisco A. de Ribera on Twitter; July 2, 2020. https://dub.link/xtIAh9C
387 Billy Bostickson on Twitter; July 7, 2020. https://dub.link/qRYCXtX
388 Babar on Twitter; June 7, 2020. https://dub.link/1uTwxUD
389 Die laatsten zullen nog uitgebreid aan de orde komen, omdat ze eveneens een dwaalspoor vormden bij de zoektocht naar de herkomst van SARS-CoV-2.
390 The Seeker on Twitter; July 8, 2020. https://dub.link/kjH2BSO
391 Francisco A. de Ribera on Twitter; July 8, 2020. https://dub.link/jnQ9FGB
392 Billy Bostickson on Twitter; July 8, 2020. https://dub.link/8A6t28a
393 Billy Bostickson on Twitter; July 8, 2020. https://dub.link/JEL8FrE
394 Francisco A. de Ribera on Twitter; July 8, 2020. https://dub.link/rSLFjqz
395 Francisco A. de Ribera on Twitter; July 12, 2020. https://dub.link/kpoPQuv
396 Francisco A. de Ribera on Twitter; August 2, 2020. https://dub.link/SGbDxsf
397 Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, et al. Addendum: A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020;588(7836):E6. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2951-z
398 Francisco A. de Ribera on Twitter; November 28, 2020. https://dub.link/O3xnVjL
399 Francisco A. de Ribera on Twitter; November 28, 2020. https://dub.link/UAbq7aV
400 Viral. The Search for the Origin of Covid-19. Alina Chan & Matt Ridley. Harper 16 November 2021; Chapter 10
401 Covid-19: diaporama et conférences de l’académie vétérinaire de France; 1 février 2021. https://dub.link/gzbLNi6 Het vierde filmpje; op 28:32.
402 7th ESWI Influenza Conference. https://dub.link/vcStEfZ
403 ESWI20202 Keynote lecture Zhengli Shi:https://dub.link/8Or3i2t; op 14:40.
404 Dangerous Liaisons Workshop – Day 1 “Origin & spread of coronaviruses” HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, 24-25 February 2021. https://dub.link/4NKRWoz
405 Francisco A. de Ribera on Twitter; March 2, 2020. https://dub.link/7G4pHzC
406 Dangerous Liaisons Workshop – Day 1 “Origin & spread of coronaviruses” HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, 24-25 February 2021 https://dub.link/VBkcm8t
407 Guo H, Hu B, Si HR, et al. Identification of a novel lineage bat SARS-related coronaviruses that use bat ACE2 receptor. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2021;10(1):1507-1514. doi:10.1080/22221751.2021.1956373
408 Francisco A. de Ribera on Twitter; May 22, 2021. https://dub.link/T2MN74N
409 Alina Chan on Twitter; May 12, 2021. https://dub.link/56kNxHU
410 Francisco A. de Ribera on Twitter; October 12, 2021. https://dub.link/dpVGePz
411 U.S. Right to Know – Latinne. https://dub.link/9CabKp7
412 Francisco A. de Ribera on Twitter; November 18, 2020. https://dub.link/CUq6xhV
413 Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin [published correction appears in Nature. 2020 Dec;588(7836):E6]. Nature. 2020;579(7798):270-273. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7
414 Matthew B. Frieman, PhD. Alicia and Yaya Viral Pathogen Research Professor of Microbiology & Immunology https://dub.link/Y2UJ9R4
415 U.S. Right to Know – December 2022 Production. https://dub.link/605LxxR; page 283.
416 Menachery VD, Yount BL Jr, Sims AC, et al. SARS-like WIV1-CoV poised for human emergence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016;113(11):3048-3053. doi:10.1073/pnas.1517719113
417 TWiV 940: Eddie Holmes in on viral origins, 28 September 2022; https://dub.link/wpEdEjW
418 SAGO Presentation: Limitations of the official 2019 Wuhan cases (based on Primary Sources). Gilles Demaneuf; August 2023. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.31348.94086; page 104.
419 New Virus Discovered by Chinese Scientists Investigating Pneumonia Outbreak. The Wall Street Journal: January 8, 2020.
420 Jeremy Farrar on Twitter; January 10, 2020. https://dub.link/HLonoai
421 Novel 2019 coronavirus genome; 10th January 2020. https://dub.link/Y8DMw0o
422 China’s COVID Secrets (full documentary) |FRONTLINE PBS; 3 February 2021. https://dub.link/c2EFKOS
423 TWiV 940: Eddie Holmes in on viral origins, 28 September 2022; https://dub.link/vXcdjvU
424 Exclusive: The Chinese Scientist Who Sequenced the First COVID-19 Genome Speaks Out About the Controversies Surrounding His Work. Time; August 24, 2020.
425 SAGO Presentation: Limitations of the official 2019 Wuhan cases (based on Primary Sources). Gilles Demaneuf; August 2023. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.31348.94086; page 54.
426 李老师不是你老师 on X; April 28, 2024. https://dub.link/iUZXYsv
427 Chinese scientist who first published COVID sequence states protest after being locked out of lab. CTV News; April 30, 2024. Chinese Scientist Who Shared Covid Sequence Protests Lab Closure. The New York Times; May 1, 2024.
428 The Seeker on Twitter; May 12, 2021. https://dub.link/VSwIdRG
429 Serological Cross-Reactivity Analysis of Coronavirus Based on Nucleocapsid Proteins. Ning Wang, May 2014. https://dub.link/7loQDec
430 The Seeker on Twitter; May 12, 2021. https://dub.link/zv21Sv9
431 Het begrip ‘cross-reactivity’ betekent dat een antilichaam dat opgewekt is tegen een eiwit van het ene virus, zich ook bindt aan een variant van dit eiwit zoals dat bij een verwant virus voorkomt. In dit geval is het antigeen het nucleoproteïne van het coronavirus.
432 On the hunt for the next deadly virus. Science | Coronavirus Coverage: National Geographic; June 16, 2020.
433 Geographic Evoluation of Bat SARS-related Coronaviruses. Yu Ping, June 2019.
434 The Seeker on Twitter; May 12, 2021. https://dub.link/p12eO92
435 Babar on Twitter; May 13, 2021. https://dub.link/cMmtIRY
436 Yu P, Hu B, Shi ZL, Cui J. Geographical structure of bat SARS-related coronaviruses. Infect Genet Evol. 2019;69:224-229. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2019.02.001
437 https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1cJBYAkjkZX9KbNfHCaeaaMhNDgff1elg
438 Yu P, Hu B, Shi ZL, Cui J. Geographical structure of bat SARS-related coronaviruses. Infect Genet Evol. 2019;69:224-229. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2019.02.001
439 Reverse Genetic System of Bat SARS-like Coronaviruses and Function of ORFX. Thesis by Lei-Ping Zeng. https://dub.link/czoWdh7
440 Hu B, Zeng LP, Yang XL, et al. Discovery of a rich gene pool of bat SARS-related coronaviruses provides new insights into the origin of SARS coronavirus. PLoS Pathog. 2017;13(11):e1006698. Published 2017 Nov 30. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1006698
441 Francisco de Asis on Twitter; December 1, 2020. https://dub.link/knFwhwR
442 Eisner DA. Reproducibility of science: Fraud, impact factors and carelessness. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2018;114:364-368. doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2017.10.009
443 Zhang, X., & Wang, P. (2024). Research misconduct in China: towards an institutional analysis. Research Ethics, 0 (0). https://doi.org/10.1177/17470161241247720
444 Een ghostwriter is iemand die zelf anoniem blijft, maar in opdracht van een wetenschapper een artikel schrijft en waarbij de wetenschapper als auteur wordt opgevoerd. Het is ook in de Westerse wereld een veelgebruikte methode, vooral bij ‘medical opinion leaders’ (zogenaamde MOL’len) die hun naam dan boven een artikel zetten dat bijvoorbeeld door iemand van de farmaceutische industrie is geschreven.
445 Elite researchers in China say they had ‘no choice’ but to commit misconduct. Nature News; 11 June 2024.
446 Coronaviruses with a SARS-CoV-2-like receptor-binding domain allowing ACE2-mediated entry into human cells isolated from bats of Indochinese peninsula. 17 September 2021. DOI:10.21203/rs.3.rs-871965/v1
447 Closest know relatives of virus behind COVID-19 found in Laos. Nature News, 24 September 2021
448 Temmam, S., Vongphayloth, K., Baquero, E. et al. Bat coronaviruses related to SARS-CoV-2 and infectious for human cells. Nature 604, 330–336 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04532-4
449 Closest known relatives of virus behind COVID-19 found in Laos. Nature News, 24 September 2021
450 Understanding the Risk of Bat Coronavirus Emergence. Grant Application Number: 1R01AI110964-01. https://dub.link/yQCujLl; page 167.
451 The Covid lab leak theory just got even stronger. The Spectator, 20 November 2021.
452 Matt Ridley on Twitter; November 18, 2021. https://dub.link/PTv5Lxh
453 Smoking Gun: WCW FOIA Investigations Proves NIH Allowed Gain-of-Function Research; Wuhan Lab Funder Calls it Terrific. White Coat Waste Project; 4 November 2021.
454 Latinne, A., Hu, B., Olival, K.J. et al. Origin and cross-species transmission of bat coronaviruses in China. Nat Commun 11, 4235 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17687-3
455 TheEngineer on X; September 27, 2024. https://dub.link/VC5ugJ4
456 SARS-CoV-2-Related Bat Virus in Human Relevant Models Sheds Light on the Proximal Origin of COVID-19; June 30, 2022. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1803095/v1
457 Temmam S, Montagutelli X, Herate C, et al. SARS-CoV-2-related bat virus behavior in human-relevant models sheds light on the origin of COVID-19. EMBO Rep. 2023;24(4):e56055. doi:10.15252/embr.202256055
458 Fujita S, Plianchaisuk A, Deguchi S, et al. Virological characteristics of a SARS-CoV-2-related bat coronavirus, BANAL-20-236. EBioMedicine. 2024;104:105181. doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105181
459 Revealed: Seven-year coronavirus trail from mine deaths to a Wuhan lab. The Times; 4 July 2020.
460 Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, et al. Addendum: A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020;588(7836):E6. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2951-z
461 Daoyu Zhang. (2020). Anomalies in BatCoV/RaTG13 sequencing and provenance: RaTG13 anomalies. Zenodo. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3969271
462 Seriële passage is het proces waarbij bacteriën of virussen in opeenvolgende cycli worden gekweekt. In wezen betekent het dat een virus of een bacteriestam wordt geïsoleerd en gedurende een bepaalde tijd mag groeien in bepaalde cellen of proefdieren. Nadat het virus of de bacterie een bepaalde tijd heeft gekregen om zich te vermeerderen in die cellen of proefdieren, wordt een deel ervan overgebracht naar de volgende batch proefdieren of naar de volgende cellijn met dezelfde cellen. Dit proces wordt zo vaak als gewenst herhaald. Het eindproduct wordt bestudeerd, vaak in vergelijking met de oorspronkelijke virus- of bacteriestam, om te zien of het geëvolueerd is of dat er andere veranderingen zijn opgetreden.
463 Rahalkar, M.; Bahulikar, R. The Anomalous Nature of the Fecal Swab Data, Receptor Binding Domain and Other Questions in RaTG13 Genome . Preprints.org 2020, 2020080205. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202008.0205.v3.
464 Bronchoalveolaire lavage in de diagnostiek van diffuse longaandoeningen. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1998;142:2661-5.
465 Singla, M.; Ahmad, S.; Gupta, C.; Sethi, T. De-novo Assembly of RaTG13 Genome Reveals Inconsistencies Further Obscuring SARS-CoV-2 Origins. Preprints.org 2020, 2020080595. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202008.0595.v1
466 Bostickson, Billy; Ghannam, Yvette: Proposed Forensic Investigation of Wuhan Laboratories. 10.5281/zenodo.4640383. 26 March 2021:
467 SARS-CoV-2’s closest relative, RaTG13, was generated from a bat transcriptome not a fecal swab: implications for the origin of COVID-19. Steven E Massey; https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2111.09469
468 Steven E Massey. Professor Bioinformatics – University of Puerto Rico – Rio Piedras Campus. https://dub.link/g910Wn3
469 Wade WG. The oral microbiome in health and disease. Pharmacol Res. 2013;69(1):137-143. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2012.11.006
470 Understanding the Risk of Bat Coronavirus Emergence. Grant Application Number: 1R01AI110964-01. https://dub.link/zN2kJKH
471 Steven Massey on X; June 25, 2024. https://dub.link/NPN6btP
472 Liu K, Pan X, Li L, et al. Binding and molecular basis of the bat coronavirus RaTG13 virus to ACE2 in humans and other species. Cell. 2021;184(13):3438-3451.e10. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.05.031
473 The Great Raccoon Dog Mystery. Indepent Science News; June 29, 2023.
474 Persoonlijke mededeling.
475 John Sudworth on Twitter; May 25, 2021. https://dub.link/74u9wKf
476 Bats, roadblocks and the origins of coronavirus – BBC News; 22 December 2020. https://dub.link/ZFxvjt1
477 How China’s ‘Bat Woman’ Hunted Down Viruses from SARS to the New Coronavirus. Scientific American; June 1, 2020.
478 ‘Why would you ask such a thing?’ Tokyo Web, 18 October 2021. https://dub.link/6mARudA
479 Only on AP – China Curtails hunt for virus origins. Associated Press, 30 December 2020. https://dub.link/YfrJSD9
480 China clamps down in hidden hunt for coronavirus origins. AP News; December 30, 2020.
481 COVID-19: How did coronavirus begin? If our journey is anything to go by, China won’t make it easy to find out. Sky News, Thursday 14 January 2021.
482 Today Show on Twitter; April 2, 2021. https://dub.link/rhIfJG1
483 Kijken bij de Chinese mijn waar eerder coronavirussen ontstonden. NOS; Woensdag 3 februari 2021.
484 Bats and the search for COVID’s origin. CBS Sunday Morning, 7 March 2021.
485 Envoyé Spécial – Covid-19, le mystère des origines. https://dub.link/ljlky2t (20:20 – 22:45).
486 The Seeker on Twitter; March 12, 2021. https://dub.link/ibLPFck
487 The Wuhan Lab Leak Question: A Disused Chinese Mine Takes Central State. The Wall Street Journal; May 24, 2021.
488 COVID Origins Paper and Data Released by China (with Prof Alice Hughes). Bad Boy of Science; 28 April 2023. https://dub.link/cfAbdBf
489 Idem. https://dub.link/3Ekdu81
490 Idem. https://dub.link/yBiu4DZ
491 Idem. https://dub.link/3E7pfCQ
492 Wu Z, Han Y, Wang Y, et al. A comprehensive survey of bat sarbecoviruses across China in relation to the origins of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. Natl Sci Rev. 2022;10(6):nwac213. Published 2022 Oct 11. doi:10.1093/nsr/nwac213
493 Cohen J. Anywhere but here. Science. 2022;377(6608):805-809. doi:10.1126/science.ade4235
494 Zhou H, Ji J, Chen X, et al. Identification of novel bat coronaviruses sheds light on the evolutionary origins of SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses. Cell. 2021;184(17):4380-4391.e14. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.06.008
495 An investigation into the WIV databases that were taken offline. Billy Bostickson & Gilles Demaneuf, 6 February 2021. DO – 10.13140/RG.2.2.28029.08160
496 COVID Origins Paper and Data Released by China (with Prof Alice Hughes). Bad Boy of Science; 28 April 2023. https://dub.link/uPuB8Ni
497 Covid: Wuhan scientist would ‘welcome’ visit probing lab leak theory. BBC News, 21 December 2020.
498 Tommy Cleary on Twitter; March 10, 2021. https://dub.link/jibqHfR
499 Sustaining the Response: Inside the WHO-Mission. Chatham House, 10 March 2021. https://dub.link/FSGb3Dm
500 Wellcome – Who We Are. https://dub.link/EMtQkXl
501 The Proximal Origin of a Cover-Up. Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Pandemic; July 11, 2023. https://dub.link/JyFCOsR; page 13.
502 Prof. Dr. Christian Drosten. Wissenschaftliche Leitung CC11 Global Health und Direktor des Instituts fürs Virologie. https://dub.link/Il8wL7e
503 Kristian Andersen. Professor and Director of Infectious Disease Genomics, Translational Research Institute – Department of Immunology and Microbiology. https://dub.link/kIat0v4
504 Andrew Rambaut; Prof – Personal Chair in Molecular Evolution, University of Edinburgh. https://dub.link/Uo59uz2
505 Edward Holmes; Professor of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney. https://dub.link/iKv9VhU
506 Robert F. Garry, Jr., PhD. Tulane University, School of Medicine. https://dub.link/O5dC1FJ
507 Prof. M. (Marion) Koopmans. Head of the Erasmus MC department of viroscience. https://dub.link/hMUbeM1
508 R.A.M. (Ron) Fouchier, Professor. Deputy Head of the Erasmus department of Viroscience. https://dub.link/7hCbzyd
509 Herfst S, Schrauwen EJ, Linster M, et al. Airborne transmission of influenza A/H5N1 virus between ferrets. Science. 2012;336(6088):1534-1541. doi:10.1126/science.1213362
510 Scientists Brace for Media Storm Around Controversial Flu Studies. Science Insider, 23 November 2011.
511 Imai M, Watanabe T, Hatta M, et al. Experimental adaptation of an influenza H5 HA confers respiratory droplet transmission to a reassortant H5 HA/H1N1 virus in ferrets. Nature. 2012;486(7403):420-428. Published 2012 May 2. doi:10.1038/nature10831
512 Mandavilli, A. Profile: Yoshihiro Kawaoka. Nat Med 12, 489 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1038/nm0506-489
513 Fouchier R, Osterhaus AB, Steinbruner J, et al. Preventing pandemics: The fight over flu. Nature. 2012;481(7381):257-259. Published 2012 Jan 15. doi:10.1038/481257a
514 Michael T. Osterholm Donald A. Henderson, Life Sciences at a Crossroads: Respiratory Transmissible H5N1. Science335,801-802(2012).DOI:10.1126/science.1218612
515 Fouchier RA, Herfst S, Osterhaus AD. Public health and biosecurity. Restricted data on influenza H5N1 virus transmission. Science. 2012;335(6069):662-663. doi:10.1126/science.1218376
516 Ik denk niet dat je in de wetenschap ook maar iets kunt censureren. Tijdschrift voor Infectieziekten. Vol7; nr. 4, 2012. https://dub.link/ZPEsDDz
517 NIH Statement on H5N1; January 19, 2012. https://dub.link/MmMFgqF
518 366 days: Nature’s 10. Nature 492, 335–343 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/492335a
519 Dutch appeals court dodges decision on hotly debated H5N1 papers. Science Insider, 16 Juli 2015.
520 Gerechtshof Amsterdam: 18-06-2015; ECLI:NL:RBNHO:2013:8527.
521 Onderzoek naar vogelgriep mag gepubliceerd. Het Parool, 27 april 2012.
522 Rechtbank Noord-Holland: 20-09-2013; ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2015:2913.
523 Gain-of-Function Research on HPAI H5N1 Viruses: Welcome and Introductory Remarks. https://dub.link/DdxS9zr
524 National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity Findings and Recommendation – March 29-30, 2012. https://dub.link/qDDosF2
525 Doing Diligence to Assess the Risks and Benefits of Life Sciences Gain-of-Function Research. Obama Whitehouse Archives; October 17, 2014. https://dub.link/tqjHtJk
526 Reardon S. US suspends risky disease research. Nature. 2014;514(7523):411-412. doi:10.1038/514411a
527 A science in the shadows. The Washington Post; August 26, 2021.
528 David A. Relman; Stanford Medicine. https://dub.link/0umNOQB
529 Testimony of David A. Relman, MD, before the U.S. House of Representatives. Committee on Science, Space, and Technology. Subcommittee on Investigations & Oversight. Hearing on “Principles for Outbreak Investigation: COVID-19 and Future Infectious Diseases”. https://dub.link/zFIBeJv
530 Reardon, S. Viral-research moratorium called too broad. Nature (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature.2014.16211
531 U.S. halts funding for new risky virus studies, calls for voluntary moratorium. Science Insider; 17 October 2014. doi: 10.1126/article.53142
532 Framework for Guiding Funding Decisions about Proposed Research Involving Enhanced Potential Pandemic Pathogen 2017. https://dub.link/T4nIfdp
533 C.D.C. Closes Anthrax and Flu Labs After Accidents. The New York Times; July 11, 2014.
534 Een incubator is een broedstoof waarin bacteriën goed kunnen groeien.
535 Sloppy Practices by CDC scientist cited in lab mishap. Alison Young: USA Today; August 15; 2014.
536 Idem.
537 Report to the Commisionar – FDA Review of the 2014 Discovery of Vials Labeled “Variola” and Other Vials Discovered in an FDA-Occupied Building on the NIH Campus. Director of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA; December 13, 2016.
538 Six Vials of Smallpox Discovered in Laboratory Near Washington. The New York Times; July 8, 2014.
539 How deadly pathogens have escaped the lab over and over again. Vox News; March 20, 2019.
540 CDC USDA – Federal Select Agent Program. https://dub.link/f7HEsqM
541 Report to the Commisionar – FDA Review of the 2014 Discovery of Vials Labeled “Variola” and Other Vials Discovered in an FDA-Occupied Building on the NIH Campus. Director of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA; December 13, 2016.
542 Lipsitch M, Inglesby TV. Moratorium on research intended to create novel potential pandemic pathogens [published correction appears in MBio. 2015;6(1). pii: e02534-14. doi: 10.1128/mBio.02534-14]. mBio. 2014;5(6):e02366-14. Published 2014 Dec 12. doi:10.1128/mBio.02366-14
543 Fouchier RA. Studies on influenza virus transmission between ferrets: the public health risks revisited. mBio. 2015;6(1):e02560-14. Published 2015 Jan 23. doi:10.1128/mBio.02560-14
544 Klotz LC. Comments on Fouchier’s calculation of risk and elapsed time for escape of a laboratory-acquired infection from his laboratory. mBio. 2015;6(2):e00268-15. Published 2015 Apr 14. doi:10.1128/mBio.00268-15
545 Fauci AS. Research on highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus: the way forward. mBio. 2012;3(5):e00359-12. Published 2012 Nov 1. doi:10.1128/mBio.00359-12
546 A flu virus risk worth taking. The Washington Post; December 30, 2011.
547 Gain-of-Function Research on HPAI H5N1 Viruses: Welcome and Introductory Remarks; December 17-18, 2012. https://dub.link/UbF2r7C
548 A science in the shadows. The Washington Post; August 26, 2021.
549 Idem.
550 Insight – U.S. rolls back oversight of potentially dangerous experiments. Reuters, 13 August 2014.
551 Gain-of-Function Research Involving Potential Pandemic Pathogens. NIH News & Events. https://dub.link/zZeUPP4
552 Lin D, Shen Y, Liang T. Oncolytic virotherapy: basic principles, recent advances and future directions. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2023;8(1):156. Published 2023 Apr 11. doi:10.1038/s41392-023-01407-6
553 Baeshen NA, Baeshen MN, Sheikh A, Bora RS, Ahmed MM, Ramadan HA, Saini KS, Redwan EM. Cell factories for insulin production. Microb Cell Fact. 2014 Oct 2;13:141. doi: 10.1186/s12934-014-0141-0. PMID: 25270715; PMCID: PMC4203937.
554 Mortaliteit betekent sterfte, morbiditeit betekent ziekte.
555 Proposed Biosecurity Oversight Framework for the Future of Science. Draft Findings & Recommendations of Two National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity Working Groups. January 2023.https://dub.link/vbgyI7a
556 Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories – 6th Edition. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention – National institutes of Health. Revised June 2020.
557 In de handleiding wordt wel gesproken over ‘SARS-associated virus’ maar er wordt onderscheid gemaakt tussen het ziektebeeld, SARS, en het virus dat de ziekte veroorzaakt, ‘SARS-associated coronovirus’. Dat staat ook specifiek vermeld op pagina 277 van de handleiding.
558 Exchange between Senator Rand Paul and Dr. Anthony Fauci, 11 May 2021. https://dub.link/xhK8l4t
559 Dr. Fauci Caught Lying about NIH Funding in Wuhan – July 20, 2021. https://dub.link/V5xWtpR
560 Complete exchange between Senator Rand Paul and Dr. Anthony Fauci, 4 November 2021. https://dub.link/8ZyNHUy
561 Rep. Comer, Dr. Paul Send Letter to Director of the NIH Requesting Information on the Removal of “Gain-of-Function” from the NIH Website. Committee on Oversight and Accountability; November 1, 2021.
562 Vergelijk de twee volgende links. De eerste werd teruggehaald via de Wayback Machine, de tweede is een actuele pagina.
563 Overseeing the Overseeers: A Hearing with NIH Deputy Director Lawrence Tabak; 16 May 2024. https://dub.link/2Q9F5Jv
564 Secret Warnings About Wuhan Research Predated the Pandemic. Vanity Fair – Special Report; November 21, 2023.
565 Biological Safety – Office of Environment, Health, Safety & Security. DOE Biological Safety Program. https://dub.link/a1FwY1n
566 Department of Energy; October 4, 2006. Memorandum for the Secretary. https://dub.link/QQR0vbf
567 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. https://dub.link/awA6k7v
568 Lawrence Livermore Nation Security, LLC. https://dub.link/MIP0koT
569 Secret Warnings About Wuhan Research Predated the Pandemic. Vanity Fair – Special Report; November 21, 2023.
570 Idem.
571 Evolution of a theory. Unredacted NIH Emails Show Efforts to Rule Out Lab Origin of Covid. The Intercept; January 19, 2023.
572 Vergelijk hiervoor de sterk gecensureerde documenten (1) met die in de ongecensureerde versie (2):
1. https://dub.link/Wj89wqg 2. https://dub.link/KfddxkG
573 Altmetric Top 100 2020: https://dub.link/MeREq9v
574 Andersen KG, Rambaut A, Lipkin WI, Holmes EC, Garry RF. The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nat Med. 2020;26(4):450-452. doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9
575 Farrar-Fauci communications. https://dub.link/KfddxkG; page 161
576 Coronaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nat Microbiol. 2020;5(4):536-544. doi:10.1038/s41564-020-0695-z
577 Jiang S, Shi Z, Shu Y, Song J, Gao GF, Tan W, Guo D. A distinct name is needed for the new coronavirus. Lancet. 2020 Mar 21;395(10228):949. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30419-0. Epub 2020 Feb 19. PMID: 32087125; PMCID: PMC7124603.
578 Proximal Origin – A Tragicomedy of our Times (Part 2). Gilles Demaneuf; August 4, 2024.
579 Idem; page 157.
580 Spike – The Virus vs. The People: The Inside Story. Jeremy Farrar & Anjana Ahuja; Profile Books LtD, London 2021, page 49.
581 Idem, page 11.
582 Idem, page 14.
583 Jeremy Farrar on Twitter; January 10, 2020. https://dub.link/urHLEqi
584 Spike – The Virus vs. The People: The Inside Story. Jeremy Farrar & Anjana Ahuja; Profile Books LtD, London 2021.
585 The Proximal Origin of a Cover-Up. Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Pandemic; July 11, 2023.https://dub.link/NESDnYB; page 4.
586 Eliza Manningham-Buller, Baroness Manningham-Buller – Director General 2002 – 0.7 https://dub.link/eMrEAwF
587 Chan JF, Yuan S, Kok KH, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):514-523. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9
588 SAGO Presentation: Limitations of the official 2019 Wuhan cases (based on Primary Sources). Gilles Demaneuf; August 2023. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.31348.94086; page 17.
589 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Situation Report – 1. WHO, 21 January 2020
590 Spike – The Virus vs. The People: The Inside Story. Jeremy Farrar & Anjana Ahuja; Profile Books LtD, London 2021, page 49.
591 Committee on Oversight and Accountability, Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Pandemic, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington D.C. Interview of: Kristian Andersen. Friday, June 16, 2023; page 52.
592 Proximal Origin – A Tragicomedy of our Times (Part 1). Gilles Demaneuf; August 4, 2024.
593 Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Pandemic. The Proximal Origin of a Cover-Up. Interim Majority Staff Report; July 11, 2023.
594 Discovery of a novel coronavirus associated with the recent pneumonia outbreak in humans and its potential bat origin. bioRxiv doi: 2020.01.22.914952; https://dub.link/vPzhqIO
595 Eddie Holmes: Zoonotic Diseases, China, Fauci and The Lab Leak Hypothesis. Bad Boy of Science; 23 December 2022. https://dub.link/oIAsbGI
596 TWiV 940: Eddie Holmes in on viral origin; 28 September 2022. https://dub.link/E70hyqJ
597 Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Pandemic. The Proximal Origin of a Cover-Up. Majority Staff Report; July 11, 2023.
598 Committee on Oversight and Accountability, Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Pandemic, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington D.C. Interview of: Kristian Andersen. Friday, June 16, 2023; page 51.
599 Spike – The Virus vs. The People: The Inside Story. Jeremy Farrar & Anjana Ahuja; Profile Books LtD, London 2021, page 49.
600 Caught in the Crossfire Over Covid’s Origins. The New York Times; August 24, 2021.
601 Spike – The Virus vs. The People: The Inside Story. Jeremy Farrar & Anjana Ahuja; Profile Books LtD, London 2021.
602 Menachery, V., Yount, B., Debbink, K. et al. A SARS-like cluster of circulating bat coronaviruses shows potential for human emergence. Nat Med 21, 1508–1513 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.3985
603 TWiV 940: Eddie Holmes in on viral origins; 28 September 2022. https://dub.link/gNPsvwd; 29:35
604 Eddie Holmes: Zoonotic Diseases, China, Fauci, And The Lab Leak Hypothesis. Bad Boy of Science; 23 December 2022. https://dub.link/sEyy0nM
605 TWiV 940: Eddie Holmes in on viral origins; 28 September 2022. https://dub.link/6SiH2RU
606 Endonuclease fingerprint indicates a synthetic origin of SARS-CoV-2. Valentin Bruttel, Alex Washburne, Antonius Van Dongen. bioRxiv 2022.10.18.512756; doi: https://dub.link/fOX6KiS
607 Eddie Holmes: Zoonotic Diseases, China, Fauci, And The Lab Leak Hypothesis. Bad Boy of Science; 23 December 2022. https://dub.link/JWSoABW
608 TWiV 940: Eddie Holmes in on viral origins; 28 September 2022. https://dub.link/J2PssZx
609 Farrar-Fauci communications. https://dub.link/aIggaIn; page 154.
610 How Fauci, scientists with ties to Wuhan lab persuaded the intelligence community COVID had a natural origin. US Right To Know; May 16, 2023.
611 Eddie Holmes: Zoonotic Diseases, China, Fauci, And The Lab Leak Hypothesis. Bad Boy of Science; 23 December 2022. https://dub.link/SYpMooJ
612 Farrar-Fauci communications. https://dub.link/aIggaIn; page 155
613 Spike – The Virus vs. The People: The Inside Story. Jeremy Farrar & Anjana Ahuja; Profile Books LtD, London 2021, page 66
614 Eddie Holmes: Zoonotic Diseases, China, Fauci, And The Lab Leak Hypothesis. Bad Boy of Science; 23 December 2022. https://dub.link/mLZh2Lf
615 Idem; https://dub.link/kV8QQWq
616 Committee on Oversight and Accountability, Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Pandemic, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington D.C. Interview of: Kristian Andersen. Friday, June 16, 2023; page 52-53.
617 Farrar-Fauci communications. https://dub.link/aIggaIn; page 142.
618 Committee on Oversight and Accountability, Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Pandemic, US House of Representatives, Washington, D.C. Interview of: Anthony S. Fauci; Part 2: January 9, 2024; page 60.
619 Eddie Holmes: Zoonotic Diseases, China, Fauci, And The Lab Leak Hypothesis. Bad Boy of Science; 23 December 2022. https://dub.link/iJgTWh7
620 Understanding the Risk of Bat Coronavirus Emergence. NIH RePORT. https://dub.link/2qw6e2J
621 Proximal Origin – A Tragicomedy of our Times (Part 1). Gilles Demaneuf; August 4, 2024.
622 Talking Points for NIAID Director Dr. Fauci. https://dub.link/J6l8q7o
623 Menachery, V., Yount, B., Debbink, K. et al. A SARS-like cluster of circulating bat coronaviruses shows potential for human emergence. Nat Med 21, 1508–1513 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.3985
624 Hoewel Shi Zhengli als auteur genoemd wordt, beperkte haar bijdrage zich tot het beschikbaar stellen van de gensequentie van het spike-eiwit van SHC014. Alle experimenten werden door Baric uitgevoerd in zijn laboratorium.
625 Mining coronavirus genomes for clues to the outbreak’s origins. Science Insider, 31 January 2020.
626 Experts debunk fringe theory linking China’s coronavirus to weapons research. The Washington Post; January 29, 2020.
627 Cyranoski, D. Inside the Chinese lab poised to study world’s most dangerous pathogens. Nature 542, 399–400 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature.2017.21487
628 SARS escaped Beijing lab twice. The Scientist; April 25, 2004.
629 Farrar-Fauci communications. https://dub.link/aIggaIn; page 147
630 Hugh Auchincloss, M.D., Acting Director of NIAID. https://dub.link/ZDAnoyl
631 Leopold NIH FOIA Anthony Fauci Emails. https://dub.link/olLTBUO; page 3221.
632 Idem; page 3206.
633 Emily Erbelding, M.D., M.P.H., Director of the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. https://dub.link/exrwQZ5
634 Committee on Oversight and Accountability, Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Pandemic, US House of Representatives, Washington, D.C. Interview of: Anthony S. Fauci; Part 1: January 8, 2024. Page 209.
635 Proximal Origin – A Tragicomedy of our Times (Part 1). Gilles Demaneuf; August 4, 2024.
636 China built a lab to study SARS and Ebola in Wuhan – and US biosafety experts warned in 2017 that a virus could ‘escape’ the facility that’s become key in fighting the outbreak. Mail Online, 23 January 2020.
637 NIH-FOIA-57253-Murray-Complete-Response. https://dub.link/4QilDTg; Page 47.
638 Louisiana, Missouri Relase Full Fauci Deposition Transcript. Office of Attorney General Jeff Landry, 23 November 2022. WAFB Staff; December 5, 2022. Page 57-63. https://dub.link/YO03jU3
639 Een prachtige tijdslijn over de gebeurtenissen rond de geboorte van het Proximal Origin-artikel en wat erop volgt, is te vinden bij het volgende artikel van de U.S. Right to Know. In de 11e alinea wordt de link naar deze tijdslijn gegeven: Visual timeline: ‘Proximal Origin’. U.S. Right to Know; December 6, 2023.
640 Evolution of a Theory. The Intercept, 19 January 2023.
641 Exchange between Senator Rand Paul and Dr. Anthony Fauci, 11 May 2021. https://dub.link/19YYiN7
642 Dr. Fauci Caught Lying about NIH Funding in Wuhan – July 20, 2021. https://dub.link/ClJDurQ
643 Complete exchange between Senator Rand Paul and Dr. Anthony Fauci, 4 November 2021. https://dub.link/jyCu8Zc
644 H.Res.935 – Establishing a Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Crisis as a select investigative subcommittee of the Committee on Oversight and Reform. 116th Congres (2019-2020). https://dub.link/AyhJEHs
645 Committee on Oversight and Accountability, Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Pandemic, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington D.C. Interview of: Kristian Andersen. Friday, June 16, 2023; Page 144.
646 Committee on Oversight and Accountability, Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Pandemic, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington D.C. Interview of: Robert F. Garry. Friday, June 9, 2023; Page 133.
647 Wenstrup Announces First Subpoena for “Proximal Origins” Author Kristian Andersen’s Private Communications with Co-Authors. https://dub.link/vudjx07
648 The Proximal Origin of a Cover-Up: Did the “Bethesda Boys” Downplay a Lab Leak? Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Pandemic – Majority Staff Report; July 11, 2023.
649 Franciso de Asis on Twitter; July 12, 2023. https://dub.link/2o7k8PM
650 Covid Origins Scientist Denounces Reporting On His Messages As A “Conspiracy Theory”. Public, 20 July 2023. https://dub.link/rrFyD1P
651 Spike: The Virus vs. The People – The Inside Story. Jeremy Farrar; July 22, 2021; page 63.
652 Li W, Moore MJ, Vasilieva N, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus. Nature. 2003;426(6965):450-454. doi:10.1038/nature02145
653 Michael Farzan, Ph.D. Professor, Department Of Immunology And Microbiology. https://dub.link/KpBViby
654 Covid Origins Scientist Denounces Reporting On His Messages As A “Conspiracy Theory”. Public, 20 July 2023. https://dub.link/rrFyD1P; zie ‘Proximal Origins Emails’.
655 Proximal Origin – A Tragicomedy of our Times (Part 1). Gilles Demaneuf; August 4, 2024.
656 Spike: The Virus vs. The People – The Inside Story. Jeremy Farrar; July 22, 2021; page 64.
657 Idem; page 65.
658 Proximal Origin – A Tragicomedy of our Times (Part 2). Gilles Demaneuf; August 4, 2024.
659 Roberts A, Deming D, Paddock CD, et al. A mouse-adapted SARS-coronavirus causes disease and mortality in BALB/c mice. PLoS Pathog. 2007;3(1):e5. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.0030005
660 Frieman M, Yount B, Agnihothram S, et al. Molecular determinants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus pathogenesis and virulence in young and aged mouse models of human disease. J Virol. 2012;86(2):884-897. doi:10.1128/JVI.05957-11
661 Menachery, V., Yount, B., Debbink, K. et al. A SARS-like cluster of circulating bat coronaviruses shows potential for human emergence. Nat Med 21, 1508–1513 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.3985
662 Menachery VD, Yount BL Jr, Sims AC, et al. SARS-like WIV1-CoV poised for human emergence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016;113(11):3048-3053. doi:10.1073/pnas.1517719113
663 Cockrell AS, Leist SR, Douglas MG, Baric RS. Modeling pathogenesis of emergent and pre-emergent human coronaviruses in mice. Mamm Genome. 2018;29(7-8):367-383. doi:10.1007/s00335-018-9760-9
664 Wan Y, Shang J, Graham R, Baric RS, Li F. Receptor Recognition by the Novel Coronavirus from Wuhan: an Analysis Based on Decade-Long Structural Studies of SARS Coronavirus. J Virol. 2020;94(7):e00127-20. Published 2020 Mar 17. doi:10.1128/JVI.00127-20
665 Farrar-Fauci communications. https://dub.link/aIggaIn; page 127
666 TWiV: Eddie Holmes in on viral origins; 28 September 2022. https://dub.link/diic5WU
667 Louisiana, Missouri Relase Full Fauci Deposition Transcript. Office of Attorney General Jeff Landry, 23 November 2022. https://dub.link/9UnJv0j
668 Committee on Oversight and Accountability, Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Pandemic, US House of Representatives, Washington, D.C. Interview of: Kristian Andersen. Friday, June 16, 2023. Page 96.
669 Committee on Oversight and Accountability, Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Pandemic, US House of Representatives, Washington, D.C. Interview of: Robert F. Garry. Friday, June 9, 2023. Page 132.
670 Eddie Holmes: Zoonotic Diseases, China, Fauci, And The Lab Leak Hypothesis; 23 December 2022. https://dub.link/NxfKVeT
671 Farrar-Fauci communications. https://dub.link/NSkJ033; page 108.
672 TWiV: Eddie Holmes in on viral origins; 28 September 2022. https://dub.link/qQ3AafG
673 Spike: The Virus vs. The People – The Inside Story. Jeremy Farrar; July 22, 2021; page 66.
674 Farrar-Fauci communications. https://dub.link/NSkJ033; page 122
675 China Focus: Pangolins a potential intermediate host of novel coronavirus: study. Xinhua, 2020-02-07.
676 TWiV: Eddie Holmes in on viral origins; 28 September 2022. https://dub.link/79rSv5C
677 U.S. zoos learn how to keep captive pangolins alive, helping wild ones. Mongabay, 5 January 2018.
678 Viral. The Search for the Origin of Covid-19. Alina Chan & Matt Ridley. Harper 16 November 2021, page 90.
679 Did pangolins spread the China coronavirus to people? Nature News, 7 February 2020.
680 Scientist Opens Up About His Early to Fauci on Virus Origins. The New York Times; June 14, 2021.
681 Eddy Holmes: Zoonotic Diseases, China, Fauci and The Lab Leak Hypothesis. Bad Boy of Science, 23 December 2022; https://dub.link/0eV4ceV
682 Did pangolins spread the China coronavirus to people? Nature News, 7 February 2020.
683 Xiao X, Newman C, Buesching CD, Macdonald DW, Zhou ZM. Animal sales from Wuhan wet markets immediately prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):11898. Published 2021 Jun 7. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-91470-2.
684 Isolation and Characterization of 2019-nCoV-like Coronavirus from Malayan Pangolins. Kangpeng Xiao, Junqiong Zhai, Yaoyu Feng, Niu Zhou, Xu Zhang, Jie-Jian Zou, Na Li, Yaqiong Guo, Xiaobing Li, Xuejuan Shen, Zhipeng Zhang, Fanfan Shu, Wanyi Huang, Yu Li, Ziding Zhang, Rui-Ai Chen, Ya-Jiang Wu, Shi-Ming Peng, Mian Huang, Wei-Jun Xie, Qin-Hui Cai, Fang-Hui Hou, Yahong Liu, Wu Chen, Lihua Xiao, Yongyi Shen. bioRxiv 2020.02.17.951335; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.17.951335
685 Xiao K, Zhai J, Feng Y, et al. Isolation of SARS-CoV-2-related coronavirus from Malayan pangolins [published correction appears in Nature. 2021 Dec;600(7887):E8-E10]. Nature. 2020;583(7815):286-289. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2313-x.
686 Identification of 2019-nCoV related coronaviruses in Malayan pangolins in southern China. Tommy Tsan-Yuk Lam, Marcus Ho-Hin Shum, Hua-Chen Zhu, Yi-Gang Tong, Xue-Bing Ni, Yun-Shi Liao, Wei Wei, William Yiu-Man Cheung, Wen-Juan Li, Lian-Feng Li, Gabriel M Leung, Edward C. Holmes, Yan-Ling Hu, Yi Guan. bioRxiv 2020.02.13.945485; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.13.945485
687 Lam TT, Jia N, Zhang YW, et al. Identifying SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses in Malayan pangolins. Nature. 2020;583(7815):282-285. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2169-0.
688 Are pangolins the intermediate host of the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)? Ping Liu, Jing-Zhe Jiang, Xiu-Feng Wan, Yan Hua, Xiaohu Wang, Fanghui Hou, Jing Chen, Jiejian Zou, Jinping Chen. bioRxiv 2020.02.18.954628; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.18.954628
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690 Pangolin homology associated with 2019-nCoV. Tao Zhang, Qunfu Wu, Zhigang Zhang bioRxiv 2020.02.19.950253; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.19.950253
691 Zhang T, Wu Q, Zhang Z. Probable Pangolin Origin of SARS-CoV-2 Associated with the COVID-19 Outbreak [published correction appears in Curr Biol. 2020 Apr 20;30(8):1578]. Curr Biol. 2020;30(7):1346-1351.e2. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.022.
692 Viral. The Search for the Origin of Covid-19. Alina Chan & Matt Ridley. Harper 16 November 2021, page 99.
693 Could COVID-19 Have Escaped from a Lab? Boston City Life, 9 September 2020.
694 Liu P, Chen W, Chen JP. Viral Metagenomics Revealed Sendai Virus and Coronavirus Infection of Malayan Pangolins (Manis javanica). Viruses. 2019;11(11):979. Published 2019 Oct 24. doi:10.3390/v11110979
695 Choo, Siew Woh; Jinfeng Zhou; Xuechen Tian; Siyuan Zhang; Shen Qiang; Stephen James O’Brien; Ka Yun Tan; Sara Platto; Klaus-Peter Koepfli; Agostinho Antunes; and Frankie Thomas Sitam. 2020. “Are Pangolins Scapegoats of the COVID-19 Outbreak-CoV Transmission and Pathology Evidence?” Conservation Letters, (): e12754. doi:10.1111/conl.12754.
696 Liu MQ, Lin HF, Li J, et al. A SARS-CoV-2-Related Virus from Malayan Pangolin Causes Lung Infection without Severe Disease in Human ACE2-Transgenic Mice. J Virol. 2023;97(2):e0171922. doi:10.1128/jvi.01719-22
697 Could COVID-19 Have Escaped from a Lab? Boston City Life, 9 September 2020.
698 They called it a conspiracy theory. But Alina Chan tweeted life into the idea that the virus came from a lab. MIT Technology Review; June 25, 2021.
699 Jesse Bloom on Twitter; March 18, 2021. https://dub.link/bcWlbxm
700 Jesse Bloom, Fred Hutch Cancer Center. https://dub.link/2ZuA4MN
701 Edward Holmes on Twitter; March 17, 2021. https://dub.link/zTYLajx
702 They called it a conspiracy theory. But Alina Chan tweeted life into the idea that the virus came from a lab. MIT Technology Review; June 25, 2021.
703 Single source of pangolin CoVs with a near identical Spike RBD to SARS-CoV-2. Yujia Alina Chan, Shing Hei Zhan. bioRxiv 2020.07.07.184374; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.07.184374
704 Alina Chan on Twitter; November 12, 2021. https://dub.link/DUfeoSD
705 Xiao, K., Zhai, J., Feng, Y. et al. Author Correction: Isolation of SARS-CoV-2-related coronavirus from Malayan pangolins. Nature 600, E8–E10 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03838-z
706 Smith, R. Classical peer review: an empty gun. Breast Cancer Res 12 (Suppl 4), S13 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1186/bcr2742
707 Smith R. Peer review: a flawed process at the heart of science and journals. J R Soc Med. 2006;99(4):178-182. doi:10.1177/014107680609900414
708 The rise and fall of peer review. Experimental History; Adam Mastroianni, 13 December 2022.
709 Liu P, Jiang JZ, Wan XF, et al. Correction: Are pangolins the intermediate host of the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2)?. PLoS Pathog. 2021;17(6):e1009664. Published 2021 Jun 9. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1009664
710 Lee J, Hughes T, Lee MH, et al. No Evidence of Coronaviruses or Other Potentially Zoonotic Viruses in Sunda pangolins (Manis javanica) Entering the Wildlife Trade via Malaysia. Ecohealth. 2020;17(3):406-418. doi:10.1007/s10393-020-01503-x
711 Choo, Siew Woh; Jinfeng Zhou; Xuechen Tian; Siyuan Zhang; Shen Qiang; Stephen James O’Brien; Ka Yun Tan; Sara Platto; Klaus-Peter Koepfli; Agostinho Antunes; and Frankie Thomas Sitam. 2020. “Are Pangolins Scapegoats of the COVID-19 Outbreak-CoV Transmission and Pathology Evidence?” Conservation Letters, (): e12754. doi:10.1111/conl.12754.
712 U.S. Right to Know – OSU 1.12.23. https://dub.link/fYWDFsu; page 329
713 Could COVID-19 Have Escaped from a Lab? Boston City Life, 9 September 2020.
714 Xiao, X., Newman, C., Buesching, C.D. et al. Animal sales from Wuhan wet markets immediately prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. Sci Rep 11, 11898 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91470-2
715 Jones, Adrian, Zhang, Daoyu, Deigin, Yuri, & Quay, Steven C. (2022). Analysis of pangolin metagenomic datasets reveals significant contamination, raising concerns for pangolin CoV host attribution (Version V1) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6465960
716 Notice on the Standardization of the Management of Publication of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Scientific Research: Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of the State Council in Response to the Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Scientific Research Group, March 3, 2020. https://dub.link/Qq1fxuA
717 Billy Bostickson on Twitter; April 208, 2021. https://dub.link/MZxeA6t
718 Faculty Profile – Introduction to Professor Tong Yigang. Welcome to the website of Tong Yigang’s Research Group. https://dub.link/FLS9nN4
719 Yigang Tong’s Lab. Institution: Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology. https://dub.link/8aQz2XN
720 Tong, Yigang. College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Toxicology. https://dub.link/LO6Nd0N
721 Center for Applications of Spatial Information Technologies in Public Health. https://dub.link/ZpEiRNr
722 Academic Committee of Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. https://tinyurl.com/4rf6jbju
723 China Focus: Pangolins a potential intermediate host of novel coronavirus: study. Xinhua, 2020-02-07.
724 South China Agricultural University discovered pangolins as potential intermediate hosts of the new coronavirus. Sina News; February 7, 2020. https://dub.link/WPzDI7a
725 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Bioterrorism and Plaque: Preparedness. https://dub.link/9oB5FRp
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727 “13th Five-Year Plan” special plan for military-civilian integration of science and technology released; August 25, 2017. https://dub.link/6vTJSbH
728 “Are Pangolins Scapegoats of the COVID-19 Outbreak-CoV Transmission and Pathology Evidence?.” Conservation Letters , (): e12754. doi:10.1111/conl.12754.
729 Farrar-Fauci communications. https://dub.link/MpEQl6N; page 119.
730 Idem; page 112/113.
731 Idem; page 110.
732 Uncanny similarity of unique inserts in the 2019-nCoV spike protein to HIV-1 gp120 and Gag Prashant Pradhan, Ashutosh Kumar Pandey, Akhilesh Mishra, Parul Gupta, Praveen Kumar Tripathi, Manoj Balakrishnan Menon, James Gomes, Perumal Vivekanandan, Bishwajit Kundu. bioRxiv 2020.01.30.927871; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.30.927871
733 Endonuclease fingerprint indicates a synthetic origin of SARS-CoV-2. Valentin Bruttel, Alex Washburne, Antonius VanDongen; bioRxiv 2022.10.18.512756; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.10.18.512756
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735 Reverse Genetic System of Bat SARS-like Coronaviruses and Function of ORFX. Thesis by Lei-Ping Zeng. https://dub.link/xEU7zsP
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737 Endonuclease fingerprint indicates a synthetic origin of SARS-CoV-2. Valentin Bruttel, Alex Washburne, Antonius Van Dongen; bioRxiv 2022.10.18.512756; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.10.18.512756
738 Gilles Demaneuf on Twitter; July 14, 2023: Drafts of Proximal Origins. https://dub.link/Oqw921Z
739 Farrar-Fauci communications. https://dub.link/MpEQl6N; page 110.
740 Idem; page 109.
741 Idem; page 106/107.
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743 Farrar-Fauci communications. https://dub.link/MpEQl6N; page 104
744 Idem; page 95.
745 De hele Slack-conversatie kan teruggevonden worden in het navolgende artikel. Er zijn twee databestanden, waarvan het ene alle relevante e-mails van Andersen bevat en het andere de inhoud van het Slack-kanaal van Andersen: Covid Origins Scientist Denounces Reporting On His Messages As A “Conspiracy Theory”. Public, 20 July 2023. https://dub.link/uMPcdeM
746 SSCP Drafts of Proximal Origin. Committee on Oversight and Accountability; July 11, 2023. https://dub.link/Qo7zflP
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748 Lipsitch M. Why Do Exceptionally Dangerous Gain-of-Function Experiments in Influenza?. Methods Mol Biol. 2018;1836:589-608. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-8678-1_29
749 National Academies Provide Rapid Response to White House on Coronavirus Data Needs; February 7, 2020. https://dub.link/amgR9zn
751 Proximal Origin – A Tragicomedy of our Times (Part 1). Gilles Demaneuf; August 4, 2024.
752 NASEM Andersen Bari Email. https://dub.link/svDVmK1
753 Investigating the Proximal Origin of a Cover Up. Select Subcommittee Hearing – Investigating the Proximal Origin of a Cover Up; July 11, 2023. https://dub.link/IueoPhz
754 Letter NASEM Draft. https://dub.link/aDLyVXG
755 Finding the World’s unknown viruses – before they find us. STAT Health; December 13, 2016.
756 How the Global Virome Project Began: The Bellagio Initiative. Global Virome Project – Our History. https://dub.link/bV3aVHD
757 How Fauci’s inner circle shielded the Wuhan Institute of Virology’s U.S. collaborator. U.S. Right to Know; September 25, 2024.
758 Celebrated virus hunter siphoned taxpayer funds for his private ‘Global Virome Project’. U.S. Right to Know; March 16, 2022.
759 Carroll D, Daszak P, Wolfe ND, et al. The Global Virome Project. Science. 2018;359(6378):872-874. doi:10.1126/science.aap7463
760 Can Virus Hunters Stop the Next Pandemic Before It Happens? Smithsonian Magazine; January 25, 2018.
761 Jonas O, Seifman R. Do we need a Global Virome Project?. Lancet Glob Health. 2019;7(10):e1314-e1316. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30335-3
762 Pandemics: spend on surveillance, not predition. Nature Comment, 7 June 2018.
763 Is It Possible to Predict the Next Pandemic? The Atlantic; October 25, 2017.
764 Geoghegan JL, Holmes EC. Predicting virus emergence amid evolutionary noise. Open Biol. 2017;7(10):170189. doi:10.1098/rsob.170189
765 Fonseca BP, Morel CM. Relevance of national, regional and global virome projects on pandemics prediction, prevention, and control: a social network analysis of GVP-citing articles. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2023;118:e230116. Published 2023 Oct 20. doi:10.1590/0074-02760230116
766 Carroll D, Daszak P, Wolfe ND, et al. The Global Virome Project. Science. 2018;359(6378):872-874. doi:10.1126/science.aap7463
767 Federal Funds Set Up the Global Virome Project, But New Email Implies China Might Be its Champion. The Disinformation Chronicle; 22 March 2022.
768 China’s Interest in the Global Virome Project Presents an Opportunity for Global Health Cooperation. American Embassy; September 28, 2017. https://dub.link/bCN8Lq2
769 Andersen, K.G., Rambaut, A., Lipkin, W.I. et al. The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nat Med 26, 450–452 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9
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771 Li Y, Liu D, Wang Y, Su W, Liu G, Dong W. The Importance of Glycans of Viral and Host Proteins in Enveloped Virus Infection. Front Immunol. 2021;12:638573. Published 2021 Apr 29. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.638573
772 Farrar-Fauci communications. https://dub.link/3AZgjja; page 91.
773 Idem; page 92.
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775 Swine flu may be a lab error: Aussie Researcher. The Sydney Morning Herald; May 13, 2009.
776 How deadly pathogens have escaped the lab over and over again. Vox; March 20, 2019.
777 White House asks scientists to investigate origins of coronavirus. ABC news; February 6, 2020.
778 De hele Slack-conversatie kan teruggevonden worden in het navolgende artikel. Er zijn twee databestanden, waarvan het ene alle relevante e-mails van Andersen bevat en het andere de inhoud van het Slack-kanaal van Andersen: Covid Origins Scientist Denounces Reporting On His Messages As A “Conspiracy Theory”. Public, 20 July 2023. https://dub.link/47Sww32
779 Farrar-Fauci communications. https://dub.link/3AZgjja; page 62
780 Idem; page 59.
781 Baric RS. 2006. Synthetic Viral Genomics. In: Working Papers for Synthetic Genomics: Risks and Benefits for Science and Society, pp. 35-81. Garfinkel MS, Endy D, Epstein GL, Friedman RM, editors. 2007.
782 Investigating the Proximal Origin of a Cover Up. Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Pandemic. July 11, 2023. https://youtu.be/gBHFFM7-aCk?t=9653
783 Committee on Oversight and Accountability, Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Pandemic, US House of Representatives, Washington, D.C. Interview of: Ralph S. Baric, Ph.D. Monday, January 22, 2024. Page 113.
784 Örd M, Faustova I, Loog M. The sequence at Spike S1/S2 site enables cleavage by furin and phospho-regulation in SARS-CoV2 but not in SARS-CoV1 or MERS-CoV. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):16944. Published 2020 Oct 9. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-74101-0
785 Hoewel dit later nog aan de orde komt, is het goed om hier alvast te zeggen dat in het WIV het kweken van virussen en seriële passage-experimenten op cellijnen plaatsvond op BSL2-niveau en de experimenten met gehumaniseerde muizen op BSL3-niveau.
786 Investigating the Proximal Origin of a Cover Up. Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Pandemic. July 11, 2023. https://dub.link/kbvb4FE
787 Eddy Holmes: Zoonotic Diseases, China, Fauci And The Lab Leak Hypothesis. Bad Boy of Science, 23 December 2022. https://dub.link/WMyjXJ9
788 Spike: The Virus vs. The People – The Inside Story. Jeremy Farrar; July 22, 2021; page 66.
789 Proximal Origin – A Tragicomedy of our Times (Part 2). Gilles Demaneuf; August 4, 2024.
790 Farrar-Fauci communications. https://dub.link/3AZgjja; page 56.
791 Ge XY, Li JL, Yang XL, et al. Isolation and characterization of a bat SARS-like coronavirus that uses the ACE2 receptor. Nature. 2013;503(7477):535-538. doi:10.1038/nature12711
792 Yang XL, Hu B, Wang B, et al. Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Bat Coronavirus Closely Related to the Direct Progenitor of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. J Virol. 2015;90(6):3253-3256. Published 2015 Dec 30. doi:10.1128/JVI.02582-15
793 Hu B, Zeng LP, Yang XL, et al. Discovery of a rich gene pool of bat SARS-related coronaviruses provides new insights into the origin of SARS coronavirus. PLoS Pathog. 2017;13(11):e1006698. Published 2017 Nov 30. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1006698
794 Kekulé #343: Neues zur Laborthese. Kekulés Gesundheids-Kompass von MDR AKTUELL; Apple Podcasts, 28 Dezember 2022. https://dub.link/tE0OyWV
795 W. Ian Lipkin. Mailmain School of Public Health. https://dub.link/glJMqa6
796 https://dub.link/WX21ALi; derde document.
797 Committee on Oversight and Accountability, Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Pandemic, US House of Representatives, Washington, D.C. Interview of: Walter Ian Lipkin; Thursday, April 6, 2023. Page 112.
798 Columbia professor says boss made her inspect his butt. New York Post; May 20, 2017.
799 ‘Contagion’ medical advisor Dr. Ian Lipkin has coronavirus: ‘If it can hit me, it can hit anyone. USA Today Entertainment; March 24, 2020.
800 Timeline: ‘The Proximal Origin of SARS-CoV-2’. US Right To Know. Posted: April 11, 2023
801 Proximal Origin – A Tragicomedy of our Times (Part 2). Gilles Demaneuf; August 4. 2024
802 Idem.
803 Jeremy Farrar on Twitter; February 18, 2020. https://dub.link/Lvl9rVi
804 Senator Tom Cotton Repeats Fringe Theory of Coronavirus Origins. The New York Times; February 17, 2020.
805 February 16, 2020: Senator Cotton Joins Sunday Morning Futures with Maria Bartiromo. You Tube, 16 February 2020. https://dub.link/xZZOV01
806 President Trump calls coronavirus ‘kung flu’. BBC News, 24 June 2020.
807 Tom Cotton keeps repeating a coronavirus fringe theory that scientists have disputed. The Washington Post; February 17, 202.
808 The Wisdom of Plagues. Donald G. McNeil Jr. Simon & Schuster; January 9, 2024.
809 It’s not about getting “the scoop’, it’s about getting it right | Origin of COVID-19: My emails with former NYTimes reporter Donald McNeil. Kristian Andersen; April 12, 2024.
810 Thi Nhu Thao, T., Labroussaa, F., Ebert, N. et al. Rapid reconstruction of SARS-CoV-2 using a synthetic genomics platform. Nature 582, 561–565 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2294-9
811 Cyranoski, D. Inside the Chinese lab poised to study world’s most dangerous pathogens. Nature 542, 399–400 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature.2017.21487
812 Zhou H, Chen X, Hu T, et al. A Novel Bat Coronavirus Closely Related to SARS-CoV-2 Contains Natural Insertions at the S1/S2 Cleavage Site of the Spike Protein [published correction appears in Curr Biol. 2020 Oct 5;30(19):3896]. Curr Biol. 2020;30(11):2196-2203.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.023
813 Zhou H, Chen X, Hu T, et al. A Novel Bat Coronavirus Closely Related to SARS-CoV-2 Contains Natural Insertions at the S1/S2 Cleavage Site of the Spike Protein [published correction appears in Curr Biol. 2020 Oct 5;30(19):3896]. Curr Biol. 2020;30(11):2196-2203.e3. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.023
814 Vu MN, Lokugamage KG, Plante JA, et al. QTQTN motif upstream of the furin-cleavage site plays a key role in SARS-CoV-2 infection and pathogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022;119(32):e2205690119. doi:10.1073/pnas.2205690119
815 Confirmation bias. Wikipedia: https://dub.link/tJOpjYs
816 The COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin, scientists say. Scripps Research; March 17, 2020. {Citation}